the anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol and its derivatives: a scoping review of preclinical evidence

Inflammation, whether aseptic or induced by pathogenic microorganisms, serves as a protective mechanism of the immune system. while the current pharmacological agents used to mitigate inflammation are effective, they are associated with numerous adverse effects. thus, it is imperative to explore alternative therapies that offer greater efficacy and fewer side effects. certain phytochemicals, such as eugenol, are effective in alleviating inflammation. this study aims to thoroughly review and synthesize existing literature on the effects of eugenol administration in managing various inflammatory disorders in laboratory and animal experimental models. eugenol and its derivatives have been successful in reducing inflammation in laboratory studies but have been ineffective in reaching clinical trials. issues include differences between in vitro and in vivo responses, poor bioavailability, a short biological half-life, and eugenol's instability.