staphylococcus haemolyticus: tackling multidrug resistance and biofilm hurdles–advances in antimicrobial strategies: a review study

Background: staphylococcus haemolyticus, an emerging coagulase-negative staphylococcus (cons), drives hospital-acquired infections (hais) in immunocompromised patients and those with indwelling devices, fueled by its multidrug resistance (mdr) and robust biofilm formation. despite its clinical significance, s. haemolyticus remains understudied compared to other staphylococci.materials and methods: a systematic literature review was conducted using pubmed and google scholar from 2020 to 2025. keywords included s. haemolyticus and (mdr or biofilm or phage therapy or 'antimicrobial peptides [amps]). the inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed articles on mechanisms, epidemiology, or therapies in humans and animals. the initial search yielded 1,247 hits; after the removal of duplicates (n=312) and title/abstract screening, 156 full texts were assessed. results: s. haemolyticus exhibits mdr primarily through meca-mediated methicillin resistance and horizontal gene transfer (hgt). biofilm formation enhances antibiotic tolerance and immune evasion. key virulence factors, including surface proteins and phenol-soluble modulins, contribute significantly to its pathogenesis. novel therapeutic approaches, such as antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophage therapy, demonstrate promising efficacy against mdr strains in preclinical studies.conclusion: this review highlights s. haemolyticus as an underestimated threat in hais, emphasizing the need for targeted therapies and advanced diagnostics. future research should focus on clinical trials for novel antimicrobials, global epidemiology, and omics-driven drug discovery to combat this resilient pathogen.