اثرات مکانی- فضایی مهاجرت بازگشتی در شهرستان میاندوآب

هدف: هدف از تحقیق حاضر، مطالعه و بررسی اثرات مکانی فضایی مهاجرت بازگشتی در روستاهای شهرستان میاندوآب است. روش: تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف کاربردی، روش تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی است. جامعۀ آماری تحقیق، مهاجران بازگشته به این شهرستان (126 خانوار) بوده و با روش نمونه‌گیری متوالی نظری به تعیین حجم نمونه پرداخته شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها، مصاحبه های نیمه‌ساختار‌یافته بود و با انجام 22 مصاحبه به اشباع نظری رسید. یافته‌ها: در بازگشت مهاجران، عوامل اقتصادی بیشترین تاثیر را دارد و مهاجران با ارزیابی هزینه فایده و تصور فواید بیشتر از هزینه ها تصمیم به بازگشت می گیرند. عوامل اجتماعی، روان‌شناختی و عمرانی نیز از سایر عوامل تاثیرگذار در بازگشت مهاجران هستند. پیامدهای بازگشت مهاجران شامل نوسازی مسکن روستایی، احیای اراضی کشاورزی، تبدیل اراضی زراعی دیم به باغی و مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی، توسعۀ دامپروری، احداث کارگاه‌های تولیدی و غیره بوده و نوعی بازساخت فضایی را نشان می دهد. محدودیت‌ها/ راهبردها: محافظه کاری برخی افراد نمونه در انجام مصاحبه و در دسترس نبودن برخی افراد نمونه با مراجعات مکرر به روستاها و انجام مصاحبه ها در فضای صمیمی صورت گرفت. بومی‌بودن مصاحبه گران در خلق این فضا کمک می کرد. راهکارهای عملی: علاوه بر تحلیل فضایی پیامدهای اقتصادی، بررسی نگرش روستاییان به بازگشتگان، دلایل ارجاع کامل سرمایه های مالی به روستا با روش مصاحبه های مشارکتی روش مناسبی خواهد بود. همچنین، ارایۀ زیرساخت‌های عمرانی و اجرای طرح‌های، متنوع‌کردن اقتصاد روستایی، ایجاد فرصت های شغلی و حرفه ای برای ایجاد اشتغال دائم و پایدار به‌ویژه در بخش صنعت و خدمات در نواحی برای بازساخت فضایی ضرورت دارد. اصالت و ارزش: نقطۀ قوت این پژوهش، پرداختن به موضوع مهاجرت بازگشتی و تعریف این پدیده از نظر علمی و تمایز آن از مهاجرت معکوس است. از سوی دیگر، پیامدهای اقتصادی اجتماعی ناشی از بازگشت مهاجران را تحلیل فضایی می کند.

The Spatial-Local Effects of Return Migration in Miyandoab County

Extended Abstract#13 1. INTRODUCTION#13 The process of most migrations in underdeveloped countries is from village to city. The reverse of this process, i.e. migration from city to village, is called reverse migration. The reverse migration is an important phenomenon, and in the national scale, the linear motion of migration from urban settlements to rural ones is due to some reasons like the birthplace and initial settlement of immigrants. However, return migration is a process which is related to the birthplace and initial living place of the person, who then immigrated to cities and settled there and after that returned to village. Accordingly, in return migration, the birth place and living place of rural people along with socioeconomic reasons make them migrate to cities and spend a longlife time there, and then, return to their country land. The phenomenon of return migration in Iran is one of the subjects to which little attention has been paid. However, those who have returned to villages can accelerate the development of rural areas with technical skills and financial capitals. This study aims to evaluate the spatial–local and socioeconomic effects of return migration on rural areas of Miyandoab County. #13 2. METHODOLOGY#13 The present study is a kind of applieddevelopmental qualitative research and its method is analyticdescriptive and intensive. Among the different types of qualitative methods, the Grounded theory has been selected. The participants are from Miyandoab county in Southeast of West Azarbaijan. The participants of this study are 126 householders who have come back to their country lands in the past fifteen years. In order to determine the sle size, the researchers made use of purposive sling using sequentialtheoretical method. The field data were obtained through substructured interviews with returned immigrants. With 22 interviews reached to theoretical saturation. The data analysis has been done using Strauss Al and Corbin JM methods along with data gathering. In this method, the obtained qualitative data from interviews were analyzed manually in three phases, namely, open coding, axial coding and selective coding.#13 3. DISCUSSION#13 At the time of migration, the average age of respondents was 31.4, and at the time of returning, it was 55.2. The returnees had almost higher levels of lands than beneficiaries of the county. The average land of beneficiaries of this county is 4.15 hectares. While, the average land of returned immigrants is 23.7 hectares. Therefore, returned immigrants are those who have significant area of lands (personal or hereditary). The return mechanism followed four indices including economic, social, psychological, and developmental indices. Having evaluated costs and socioeconomic benefits, the immigrants made their decisions to return. Therefore, these two indexes, i.e., cost and benefit outcome, are important return factors. Generally, the economic aspects have more impact on people apos s motivation in returning to villages while the developmental, psychological and social aspects are in next positions. On the other hand, return migrations (urban rural) are because of the effects of pull factors in rural areas rather than push factors in urban areas.#13 One of the results of immigrants apos returnees is the return of financial and human capitals to villages. The immigrants have brought back their financial capitals or part of them to the villages and invested in different parts of economy. The triggering of industrial livestock and fattening cattle, the development of under pressure irrigation or mechanization of cultivation and harvest stages of grain products are some instances of the returned immigrants apos investments in agriculture. The industry sector has also attracted some parts of returnees apos capital including workshop industries, building doors, windows and welding, industrial mill, cheese and bakery industry. The establishment of cooperative company of agricultural distribution, and the appliances apos repairing centers are also among investment cases of returned immigrants in service sectors of sle villages.#13 4. CONCLUSION#13 Return migration as a human action in geographical space occurs because of two main types of factors. High costs of living, lack of housing, high rent, unemployment, and cultural problems of destination cities are among a series of factors called Repulsiveness factors. On the other hand, the delivery of infrastructure services, the development of physical layout of village, acquisition and revival of agricultural land are among the other type of factors named the attractions of original place. However, the effect of economic factors in making people return to village was much more. Therefore, the findings of this study are in harmony with pushpull theory of Everett S. Lee and Lary Shastad apos s theory. The fact that returnees did not disconnect themselves to village people and have had significant land areas acted as a system of desired data in Mabogunje theory in immigration returning phenomenon. Return migration shows the capital trend from city to village. The trend of human and financial capitals in rural areas indicates the geographical reforming in the studied area. The return of human capitals, skills, experiences, and economic capitals in the form of return migration has a kind of cyclone flow of capital in space area having a flow from village to city and then to village.