recent advances in the treatment of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (sci) is a complex, multifaceted, progressive, and yet incurable complication that can cause irreversible damage to the individual, family, and society. in recent years strategies for the management and rehabilitation of sci besides axonal regeneration, remyelination, and neuronal plasticity of the injured spinal cord have significantly improved. although most of the current research and therapeutic advances have been made in animal models, so far, no specific and complete treatment has been reported for sci in humans. the failure to treat this complication has been due to the inherent neurological complexity and the structural, cellular, molecular, and biochemical characteristics of spinal cord injury. in this review, in addition to elucidating the causes of spinal cord injury from a molecular and pathophysiological perspective, the complexity and drawbacks of neural regeneration that lead to the failure in sci treatment are described. also, recent advances and cutting -edge strategies in most areas of sci treatment are presented.  level of evidence: i