a comprehensive review of left ventricular summit ventricular arrhythmias

The catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias is accepted as a first-line treatment as it successfully eliminates about 90.0% of such arrhythmias. one of the most challenging ventricular arrhythmias originates from the left ventricular summit (lvs), a triangular epicardial space with the left main bifurcation as its apex. this area accounts for about 14.0% of lv arrhythmias. the complex anatomy of this region, accompanied by proximity to the major epicardial coronary arteries and the presence of a thick fat pad in this region, renders it a challenging area for catheter ablation. this article presents a review of the anatomy of the lvs and relevant regions and discusses novel mapping and ablation techniques for eliminating lvs ventricular arrhythmias. additionally, we elaborate on the electrocardiographic (ecg) manifestations of arrhythmias from the lvs and their successful ablation via the direct approach and the adjacent structures.