Somatic embryogenesis and bulblet production in Narcissus papyraceus cv. Shirazi: effect of plant growth regulators, light intensity, sucrose concentration, methyl jasmonate and anti-gibberellins

Generally, narcissus is propagated through vegetative methods, but due to their low yield their are not economical. this study was conducted to develop a suitable method for the production of somatic embryos and bulblets in narcissus papyraceus cv. shirazi. bulb scales were placed on the ms medium supplemented with 2,4-d and bap each at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/l concentrations to form somatic embryos (ses). for proliferation, the bulblets were cut in small segments and placed on either ms medium supplemented with sucrose at 30, 60 or 90 g/l, kept in dark or light intensities of 54 or 108 ?mol m-2 s-1 or the ms medium including methyl jasmonate (me ja), growth retardants paclobutrazol or cycocel (pbz or ccc) each at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/l. the highest se percentage (75 ± 9.0) was obtained when 1.0 mg/l 2,4-d and 0.5 mg/l bap were incorporated into the medium. using sucrose at 60 g/l under a light intensity of 54 ?mol m-2 s-1 or utilizing 1.0 mg/l pbz produced the greatest bulblet number (4.45 ± 0.51 and 5.0 ± 0.25, respectively). none of the scales produced bulblets in dark at any sucrose concentration.