ﻣﺪل ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎری ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ادراک ﺧﻄﺮ راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن در ﺷﺒیه ﺳﺎز راﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎی رواﻧﻲ راﻧﻨﺪه

زﻣﻴﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف :اﻣﺮوزه ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﺎت ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﻜﻲ، ﻳﻜﻲ از مهم ترین عوامل ﻣﺮگ و میر و آسیب های ﻫﺎی ﺟﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﺎﻟﻲ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. از ﻣﻴﺎن عاﻣﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬار در ﺳﻮاﻧﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﻜﻲ، ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ به ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ  ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ادراک ﺻﺤﻴﺢ راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن از ﺧﻄﺮات جاده ای، ﻳﻜﻲ از مهم ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎی اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺗﺎ به ﺣﺎل، در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﺎری ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ درک ﺧﻄﺮ راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد، ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن شاخصی ﺟﺎﻣﻊ در ﺧﺼﻮص ادراک ﺧﻄﺮ راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن، آن هﻢ ﺑﺎ تغییر ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت رﻓﺘﺎری و روان شنسی راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن  ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ؛  ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﺮدی، رﻓﺘﺎری و روان  ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان درک ﺧﻄﺮ راﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ، ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻲ ﺑﺪون ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﺧﺺ درک ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ و ﻣﺤﺎسبه شده اﺳﺖ .روش: ﺑﻪ منظور اﻧﺪازه گیری ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ های زمانی ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻮردﻧﻈﺮ، از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه شبیه ﺳﺎز راﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ و آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎی راﻳﺎﻧﻪ   flankerو go-no go اﺳﺘﻔﺎده شد.رواﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ درک ﺧﻄﺮ راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎزی ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎری و ﺑﻪ روش ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺠﺬورات ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار گرفت. ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ : ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ مدل ﺳﺎزی،ﻣﻬﻢ ترین متغیرهای اثرگذار ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ  درک خطر راﻧﻨﺪه، ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻬﺎری، ﺧﻄﺎی ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺟﻬﺖ، ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺸﮕﺮی ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺸﮕﺮی ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ، ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺸﮕﺮی ﻋﺪم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰی،بی اﻋﺘﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن و ﺧﻄﺎ و ﻟﻐﺰش بدست آمدند.ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ بررسی ﻫﺎ،  ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎی ﺷﺐ و روز، وضعیت ورزش ﻛﺮدن و ﺷﻤﺎره ﭼﺸﻢ راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن، ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان درک ﺧﻄﺮ آنها از ﻧﻈﺮ آﻣﺎری ﻣﻌﻨﺎدار ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آمد.  ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮی ﻛﻠﻲ : ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ و پژوهش ﻫﺎی ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻲ  ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰاری ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎی آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ و ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎﺗﻲ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﻚ، در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر برنامه ریزان  ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدی ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺷﺎﺧﺺ درک از ﺧﻄﺮ راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن  می ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ آن ﻫﺎ اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد، آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎی روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و رﻓﺘﺎری ﻫﻨﮕﺎم درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻮاﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ و ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪ آن ﺑﺎ  اولوﻳﺖ اﻧﻮاع ﺗﻜﺎﻧﺸﮕﺮی و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻬﺎری(برای ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ)ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ می توان ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ رﻓﺘﺎر راﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﺎ اوﻟﻮﻳﺖ قانون ﻣﺪاری و دﻗﺖ و آموزشﻫﺎی ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آنﻫﺎ را ﺑﺮای درﻳﺎﻓﺖ اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﻳﺪ ﮔﻮاﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.

Structural equations model for assessing drivers’ risk perception in 5driving simulator using driver psychological characteristics

Background and Aim: Today, traffic accidents are one of the most importantcauses of death and personal and financial injuries worldwide. Among theinfluential factors in traffic accidents, the human factor is known as the mosteffective factor. The results of studies show that drivers' correct understandingof road hazards is one of the most important human factors. However, manystudies have calculated and examined the drivers’ risk perception index.However, so far no comprehensive indicator of drivers’ risk perception hasbeen developed, focusing on changing some behavioral and psychologicalcharacteristics of drivers at the same time. Therefore, in this study, with theaim of investigating the effect of some personal, behavioral and psychologicalcharacteristics of individuals on the level of perception of driving risk, adimensionless index has been defined and calculated as an index of riskperception.Method: a combination of driving simulator and Flanker and GoNo Gocomputer tests were used in order to measure the time components of thedesired index. Relationships between different variables and drivers' riskperception index were investigated using structural equation modeling by themethod of partial least squares.Findings and Conclusion: Based on the modeling results, were obtained themost important variables affecting the driver risk perception index, inhibitorycontrol, direction recognition error, cognitive impulsivity, motor impulsivity,unplanned impulsivity, disregard for law and error and slip. Also, according tothe studies, the effect of day and night variables, exercise status and thenumber of drivers' eyes on their perception of risk was statistically significant.The results of this study and similar studies can be a valuable tool for policymakers to improve traffic safety training and advertising programs. includingthe applicable programs that can be mentioned based on the results of thisstudy in order to improve the drivers' risk perception index are psychologicaland behavioral trainings when receiving a license and extending it withpriority on types of impulsivity and inhibitory control (for memory). Inaddition, it is possible to evaluate the behavior of drivers with the priority oflegality and accuracy and training related to them for the initial receipt as wellas the renewal of the license.