چالشهای معنایی-ترجمه‌شناختی ترجمه صنایع ادبی. رویکرد کوچک‌ساختارگرا در ترجمه‌پژوهی

اﻣﺮوزه اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت در ﺣﻮزه‌ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﯽ ﺑﺮ زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎن ادﺑﯿﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪه ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﯽ، ﺣﺘﯽ در ﻧﮕﺎه ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻧﮕﺮ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ در ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ اﺳﺖ، از آﻧﺠﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻣﺮوزه ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮥ ادﺑﯽ، از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻘﺸﯽ ﮐﻪ در زﺑﺎن و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎزی ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ، از ﺑﺎر و ﻧﻘﺶ ادﺑﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﺘﻦ اﺻﻠﯽ در ﺑﺴﺘﺮ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺧﻮدش ﭼﯿﺰی ﮐﻢ ﻧﺪارد؛ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﯽ ﺷﺎﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎی ادﺑﯿﺎت ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازﯾﻢ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﮥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮥ آراﯾﻪﻫﺎی اﺳﺘﻌﺎره و ﻣﺠﺎز در ﻧﺴﺨﮥ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮی دﯾﻮان ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮥ ﺷﺎرل ﻫﺎﻧﺮی دو ﻓﻮﺷﻪ ﮐﻮر ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد. اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ای ﮐﻪ ﭘﺮوﯾﺰ ﻧﺎﺗﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻠﺮی ﮔﺮدآوری ﮐﺮده، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮥ آراﯾﻪ ﻫﺎی ادﺑﯽ را ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آراﯾﻪ ﻫﺎی اﺳﺘﻌﺎره و ﻣﺠﺎز ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻧﯿﻤﯽ از اﺷﻌﺎر دﯾﻮان ﺣﺎﻓﻆ، درﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﭘﻨﺠﺎه ﻣﻮرد آراﯾﮥ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮای اراﺋﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ اﺧﺬ روﯾﮑﺮد ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ واژﮔﺎﻧﯽ از ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮی ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎی ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ آﻧﺘﻮان ﺑﺮﻣﻦ از ﺳﻮی دﯾﮕﺮ، آراﯾﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﻧﻘﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻣﻮاردی ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ اراﺋﮥ ﺑﺮﮔﺮدان ﺟﺎﻣﻌﯽ از آراﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻮارد ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺻﺮﯾﺢ آراﯾﻪﻫﺎ را اﻧﺘﻘﺎل دﻫﺪ، در ﻣﻮاردی ﺑﺪون اﻧﺘﻘﺎل دادن ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺻﺮﯾﺢ آراﯾﻪﻫﺎ، ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺿﻤﻨﯽ آن ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮐﺮده و در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ از آراﯾﻪﻫﺎ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Translation of figures of speech, semantic and translational issues. For a microstructural approach in translatology

Today neither linguists nor specialists in comparative literature are not unaware of the importance of researches in translation studies. The role played by a literary translation in the target culture is no longer considered less important than that of the original in the source culture, hence the importance of a microstructural translatology aimed at the purely linguistic issues of translation, and more particularly those of literary masterpieces.In this work we try to analyze the semantic and translational issues of metaphor and metonymy in the ldquo;Divan rdquo; of Hafiz translated into French by CharlesHenri de Fouch eacute;cour. This translation is made from the version of the Divan corrected by Parviz NatelKhanlari. In this article we have studied the semantic dimension of the translation of figures of speech. After having analyzed a large part of the Divanchr('39')s metonymies and metaphors, we have chosen about fifty to present them in detail in this study. By adopting an approach derived from Lexicosemantics, the latter have been subjected to translational analyzes according to the theories of Antoine Berman.The results of this research demonstrate that we cannot expect an exhaustive transmission of these figures of speech in the translation of the Divan, as far as the figurative and their own meanings are concerned, except in very few cases. In most cases, it is the literal meaning of the figures that is translated to the detriment of the figurative meaning. The translator remedies this breach by means of detailed comments which escape the textual framework of the poems.