پژوهشی در اصل و منشا تمثیل فیل و کوران؛ تمثیلی از حدیقه سنایی و مثنوی مولوی

در روزﮔﺎران ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن، ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از اﻗﻮام ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ را ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ و ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽ ﺑﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺣﺘﯽ ﻫﻨﺪوان و ﺑﻮداﯾﯿﺎن ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ را ﻣﻘﺪس ﻣﯽ داﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺟﺰو اﺻﻮل ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺑﻮد؛ ﭼﻨﺎن ﮐﻪ آن را ﻣﯿﺎن دﯾﮕﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎ رواج دادﻧﺪ. «ﻓﯿﻞ و ﮐﻮران» از داﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎی ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در آﺛﺎر دﯾﻨﯽ، ادﺑﯽ و ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽِ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻠﺖ دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد و ﻧﺎﺗﻮاﻧﯽ ﺣﻮاس ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺸﺮ را در ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺣﻘﺎﯾﻖ اﺷﯿﺎ و اﻣﻮر ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﺷﻬﺮت اﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﻫﻨﺪوان ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ای اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ «ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‌ ﭘﯿﻞ و ﮐﻮران» ﺿﺮب اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. داﺳﺘﺎن درﺑﺎره‌ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽرود ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ و ﻧﺎﻗﺺ از ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﮔﻤﺎن ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ از ﺗﻤﺎم آن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮐﺮده اﻧﺪ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﮥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮد ادﺑﯿﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ و ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ ﯾﺎدﺷﺪه را در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﻫﺪف ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ و ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻬﻢ درﺳﺖ و ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﯿﺮی از ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎی ﻓﮑﺮی ای اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ داﺳﺘﺎن ﯾﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ درآﻣﺪه ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮای رﺷﺪ و ﭘﺮورش روﺣﯽ رواﻧﯽ ﻣﺮدﻣﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد. اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﯿﺶ از 2500ﺳﺎﻟﻪ و ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺧﻮد ﭼﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺗﯽ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺷﺎﻋﺮان و ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﮑﺮی و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺧﻮد ﭼﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮاﺗﯽ در آن داده و در راﺳﺘﺎی اﻫﺪاﻓﺸﺎن از آن ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮده اﻧﺪ، ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺪان ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﯾﻢ.

A Research on the origin of the parable of Mathnavi and Hadighe “Elephant and blind men”

Using of parables was common to explain and teach their aims thoughts in ancient times intentions among some ethnic groups. According to Resources, this tradition was of the Hindu principles of the Buddhachr('39')s teachings and through them spread among other cultures. The parable of the blind men and the elephant is probably the most widely known and the most loved of all the worldchr('39')s parables. By far the earliest version of this parable is to be found in the Ud agrave;na, and is attributed to the Buddha (Ud.679). The parablechr('39')s appeal is due to how well it makes its point, its striking juxtaposing of man and beast and its gentle humor. The background to the Buddha telling this parable is that referred in the article.In all cases the parable is about the human physical senses inability to understand the facts of things, rdquo; This parable is known among Hindus as the cell rule, blind so as a proverb. The article, with the approach of comparative literature, allegory to the roots and origins of the Persian and Arabic texts Search. Its origin has been fund in Hindi and Buddhist sources, in a collection called UDANA . This collection contains the words and teachings of the Buddha to the followers. This fable in the life of more than two thousand and five hundred years of its travel route has seen many changes. Poets and writers, according to his mental and cultural system, made benefit use of it and some changes on it.