بررﺳﯽ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢﻫﺎی ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در ﺗﻮﺟﯿﻪ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎی ﻏﯿﺮ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ و ﺿﺪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ در ورزش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ دوﭘﯿﻨﮓ در ورزش

هدف: هدف این پژوهش بررسی مکانیزم‌های شناختی مرتبط با نقض یکپارچگی در ورزش، به‌ویژه دوپینگ است.مواد و روش ها:  این مطالعه در پی ترکیب و تعمیم تحقیقات مربوط به فرآیندهای شناختی تاثیرگذار بر رفتارهای غیر اخلاقی و ضد اجتماعی در ورزشکاران می‌باشد. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از جهت نوع پژوهش کیفی است و برای دسترسی به نمونه، از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند استفاده شده است. برای تحقق این هدف، دو پایگاه دادة الکترونیکی تیلور و فرانسیس به عنوان مرجع استراتژی جست و جو انتخاب شد. برای هدایت نظامند، اطمینان از شفافیت و کامل بودن گزارش ها از دستورالعمل موارد گزارش برگزیده (p.r.i.s.m.a) برای بررسی‌های سیستماتیک و متاآنالیز استفاده شد. بعد از فرآیند تعدیل و غربالگری سنتژپژوهی، 31 سند به عنوان نمونه مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت.یافته ها:  تحلیل مضمون ادبیات علمی مرتبط با نقض یکپارچگی حاکمیت ورزش، 11 مکانیسم شناختی گسست اخلاقی را شناسایی کرد. این مکانیسم ها در چهار مقولة فراگیر 1). مکانیسم رفتاری توجیه اخلاقی، توجیه عاطفی – روانی، توجیه اجتماعی، توجیه اقتصادی، مقایسه، زبان تعبیر، 2). مکانیسم عاملیت بیرونی جابه‌جایی مسئولیت، انتشار مسئولیت، 3). مکانیسم تعدیل پیامدها و اثرات منفی بی توجهی، تحریف، انکار پیامدها و معکوس سازی علیت، 4). مکانیسم قربانی (انسان زدایی) دسته بندی شد. نتیجه گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر به محققان و متخصصان مدیریت ورزشی امکان می‌دهد تا به‌نوعی عمیق‌تر به بررسی نقش مکانیسم‌های شناختی در تبیین رفتارهای غیر اخلاقی و ضد اجتماعی در ورزش بپردازند. این یافته‌ها همچنین به درک بهتر رفتارها و تصمیم‌گیری‌های غیرمعمول و چالش‌برانگیز در این حوزه کمک کرده و ابعاد جدیدی از این موضوع را نمایان می‌سازد.

examining the cognitive mechanisms influencing the justification of unethical and antisocial behaviors in sports case study: doping in sports

background and purposeintegrity and ethical conduct constitute the cornerstone of the sporting world. the international centre for sport security emphasizes this principle, advocating for a secure and equitable environment for all participants. however, this integrity faces persistent challenges such as corruption, match-fixing, betting, sexual violence, human rights violations, and doping.doping, defined as the illicit use of performance-enhancing substances and methods, not only endangers athletes' health but also undermines the spirit of fair competition. driven by competitive pressures, economic incentives, and inadequate regulatory structures, doping has emerged as a significant issue in sports, with data indicating a persistent and, in some cases, escalating trend.research into doping has increasingly focused on the cognitive and psychological factors that underpin such behavior. this study addresses the question of why some athletes engage in doping despite their awareness of its unethical implications. building on albert bandura's theory of moral disengagement, which posits that individuals typically refrain from unethical actions due to anticipated guilt and negative consequences, but under certain conditions, utilize cognitive mechanisms to temporarily suspend ethical standards, this study aims to identify these mechanisms within athletes.the objective of this research is to identify the cognitive mechanisms that athletes use to justify unethical behavior, specifically doping. by understanding these mechanisms, more effective strategies can be developed for the prevention and deterrence of doping, thereby safeguarding the integrity of sports competitions. this study synthesizes research on cognitive processes influencing unethical and antisocial behaviors in athletes, providing researchers and sports management professionals with insights for a deeper exploration of these behaviors. the findings contribute to the design of educational programs and support systems that promote ethical decision-making, fostering a cleaner and fairer sporting environment.materials and methodsthis study adopts an applied and qualitative research design, utilizing a systematic literature synthesis (sls) approach. the sls involves a structured examination and analysis of existing literature and research to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the subject.data collection involved reviewing relevant scientific articles and documents, primarily sourced from the taylor & francis electronic databases. keyword searches, including sports integrity violations, doping, moral disengagement, and unethical and antisocial behaviors, were used to identify pertinent materials.rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed to ensure data quality and validity. these criteria included the publication timeframe (2015-2024), language (english), and scholarly articles with substantial relevance and scientific merit.data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. this involved a detailed reading of the literature, coding to extract key concepts, and organization of these codes into sub-themes and overarching themes. the qualitative data analysis software atlas.ti was used to enhance the coding process's efficiency and accuracy. the prisma (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines were followed to maintain transparency and completeness in reporting.findingsthe thematic analysis of the literature identified 11 cognitive mechanisms of moral disengagement pertinent to violations of sports integrity. these mechanisms were categorized into four primary themes:1. behavioral mechanisms: mechanisms used to rationalize the behavior itself, comprising:o moral justification: framing the behavior as serving a moral objective.o emotional-psychological justification: rationalizing doping as necessary for emotional or psychological well-being.o social justification: portraying the behavior as conforming to social norms.o economic justification: asserting the necessity of unethical behavior for financial gain.o euphemistic labeling: employing sanitized or misleading language to reframe the behavior.o advantageous comparison: comparing the behavior to worse actions to make it appear less reprehensible.2. external agency mechanisms: mechanisms that diminish personal responsibility by attributing actions to external factors:o displacement of responsibility: assigning accountability to external sources like coaches or teammates.o diffusion of responsibility: dissolving personal responsibility within the collective or team.3. mechanisms of outcome modification and negative effects: strategies used to minimize the perceived harm caused by the behavior:o disregard, distortion, and denial of consequences: ignoring or misrepresenting the harm caused by the actions.o reversal of causality: denying the connection between actions and negative outcomes.4. victim mechanism (dehumanization): devaluing the targets of the action, thereby diminishing empathy:dehumanization of the victim: dehumanizing the opponent and minimizing their moral standing.conclusionthis study illustrates the range of cognitive mechanisms employed by athletes to justify unethical behavior, including doping. these mechanisms enable athletes to circumvent their ethical standards temporarily and engage in actions that they would otherwise avoid. an understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing strategies to prevent and deter unethical behavior in sports, such as moral education, reinforcement of athletes' ethical identities, promotion of a healthier sports environment, and strict regulatory enforcement. this research contributes to the theoretical advancement of moral disengagement in sports management and provides insights into the factors that may influence ethical decision-making in athletes. these findings will be helpful for researchers and sports management professionals seeking to understand the cognitive mechanisms underlying unethical behavior in sports, especially doping.