تاثیر آموزش نوروفیدبک بر موفقیت و عملکرد ورزشی در فوتبالیست‌های نوجوان

هدف: پژوهش حاضر باهدف تعیین اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی‌بر نوروفیدبک بر موفقیت و عملکرد ورزشی در نوجوانان فوتبالیست انجام شد.مواد و روش ها:  روش پژوهش از نوع شبه آزمایشی و طرح پژوهشی پیش آزمون–پس آزمون باگروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش ورزشکاران فوتبالیست شهرستان آستانه اشرفیه در سال 1400 بودند که از این جامعه آماری تعداد 24 نفر از پسران نوجوان به‌صورت دردسترس انتخاب شده و پس از همتاسازی بر اساس سن و سطح تحصیلات به صورت تصادفی به 2 گروه 12 نفره گروه آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند و پرسشنامه های عملکرد ورزشی چاربونیو (2001) و مقیاس موفقیت ورزشی موسوی و واعظ موسوی (1393) به‌عنوان پیش آزمون و پس آزمون برای هر دو گروه اجرا شد. به گروه دریافت کننده آموزش نوروفیدبک طبق پروتکل درمانی 15 جلسه 30 دقیقه ای، آموزش نوروفیدبک داده شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد میانگین تعدیل یافته گروه آموزش مبتنی بر نوروفیدبک درمقایسه با گروه گواه در مرحله پس آزمون در عملکرد ورزشی به‌طورمعنادار بهتر است (0.001 p<). همچنین میانگین تعدیل یافته گروه آموزش مبتنی بر نوروفیدبک درمقایسه با گروه گواه در مرحله پس آزمون در تمامی مولفه‌ها و نمره‌کل موفقیت ورزشی به‌طورمعنادار بهتر بود (p<0.001). نتیجه گیری: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که آموزش مبتنی بر نوروفیدبک تاثیر قابل توجهی بر بهبود عملکرد و موفقیت ورزشی دارد. این روش، با تنظیم فرآیندهای عصبی و تقویت تمرکز، خودتنظیمی و مدیریت استرس، به ورزشکاران کمک می‌کند تا عملکرد خود را بهینه کنند. بافته‌ها تاکید می‌کند که نوروفیدبک می‌تواند به عنوان یک ابزار نوین در روانشناسی ورزشی بیشتر مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

effectiveness of neurofeedback training on sport performance and sport success in adolescent soccer players

background and purposeone of the most popular sports currently played by young people is soccer, which has gained immense popularity in recent years due to its variety and unpredictability. there is a strong relationship between the mind and physical performance (paktas, 2021). athletes need to maintain maximum concentration for as long as possible in order to multitask during sports competitions (mckee et al., 2015). in other words, a wide range of cognitive abilities, such as concentration and attention, is needed to enhance sports performance (paktas, 2021). hence, improving mental skills is considered one of the important factors for athletes' success at the highest level of competition. according to the psychomotor efficiency hypothesis, cortical processing at the physiological level serves as the basis for improving sports performance (hatfield et al., 2001). neurofeedback is one of the methods of neuromodulation and biological feedback that alters brain function and adjusts the activation pattern of the cerebral cortex by receiving, recording, and providing feedback on brain waves with the help of sensory mediators (xiang et al., 2018). according to previous findings, neurofeedback can enhance the sports performance of athletes by impacting their concentration, attention, accuracy, and balance (maszczyk et al., 2018; hammond, 2007). the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of neurofeedback-based training on the success and performance of soccer players. materials and methodsthe method of this research was quasi-experimental. a pre-test-post-test research design with a control group was employed in this study. the statistical population consisted of soccer players from astaneh ashrafieh city (north of iran) in 2021, who were engaged in professional sports activities during the second quarter of the year. from the initial population of 78 individuals, those who met the exclusion criteria—including substance abuse history, concomitant mental disorders, use of psychoactive drugs, undergoing psychotherapy, and being over the age of 21—were excluded from the study. after conducting a structured interview using the scid (structured clinical interview for dsm-5) by a psychologist, 24 male athletes were selected through convenience sampling. after matching based on age and education level, they were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n=12) and a control group (n=12). the charbonneau (2001) sports performance questionnaire and the mousavi and vaez mousavi sports success scale (2013) were administered as pre-tests and post-tests for both groups. neurofeedback training was provided to the group receiving this intervention according to a treatment protocol consisting of 15 sessions, each lasting 30 minutes.findingsthe results of the present study showed that the average age in the neurofeedback-based training group (17.08 ± 0.99) and the control group (17 ± 1.04) years respectively. also, the two groups did not have statistically significant differences in terms of demographic characteristics, and the two groups were homogeneous in terms of these variables (p>0.05). univariate and multivariate covariance analysis were used to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training on improving soccer players' performance and sports success. the f statistic for sports success was 121.277 and sports performance was 63.557 in the post-test, which is significant at the 0.001 level. therefore, it was found that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in terms of increasing the score of sports success and sports performance in soccer players. also, the size of the effect shows that the difference between sports success and sports performance in society is 85% and 75%, respectively, at an acceptable level. therefore, there is a significant difference between the neurofeedback-based training groups and the control group in terms of sports success and sports performance in the post-test stage by adjusting the pre-test scores. also, according to the f statistic, all components of sports success are significant in the post-test stage (p<0.05). this finding indicates that there is a significant difference between the neurofeedback-based training group and the control group in terms of the components of sports success. furthermore, based on the effect size of neurofeedback-based training, it has an effect of 0.80 on all components of sports success. this implies that at least 80% of the variance related to the difference between the two groups in the post-test stage, after statistically controlling for the pre-test scores, is attributed to the experimental conditions. the adjusted mean difference between the neurofeedback-based training group and the control group in the post-test stage is significant for all components of sports success. therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of neurofeedback-based training and the control group regarding the components of sports success. specifically, the adjusted mean of the components of sports success in the neurofeedback-based training group during the post-test phase was significantly higher than that of the control group. consequently, neurofeedback-based training is effective in enhancing sports success and performance among soccer players.conclusionthe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of a neurofeedback protocol intervention on the performance and sports success of adolescent soccer players. the results indicate that sports success increased across various levels of analysis, including fluent execution, attention, technique, error sensitivity, commitment, and achievement. more specifically, the findings showed that neurofeedback interventions contributed to achieving sports success, with participants reporting a significant improvement during the post-test phase. consistent with this research, previous studies have demonstrated that neurofeedback has a positive effect on achieving sports success (norouzi et al., 2018).another finding of this research is that neurofeedback training has improved the sports performance of the participants. this improvement in sports performance among soccer players may be attributed to the fundamental principle of using neurofeedback training to enhance athletic performance, which is based on identifying connections between general patterns of brain activity and achieving optimal patterns along with self-regulatory skills. in other words, by utilizing neurofeedback exercises and interventions, unnecessary processing and activities are minimized and as a result, implementation is facilitated (salehi et al., 2015). consequently, these interventions are effective in enhancing performance by increasing the level of athletic abilities .these findings can also be explained by the theory of mind-body connection. specifically, brain training can be employed to enhance capabilities and optimize functioning with the goal of fostering healthy emotional, cognitive, and behavioral states (blumenstein et al., 2002). thus, through neurofeedback training, abnormal brain rhythms and frequencies can be transformed into normal or relatively normal ones, resulting in the normalization of psychological states (blumenstein et al., 2002). this method effectively teaches athletes to regulate their brain wave responses to various stimuli (mikicin et al., 2015). when the brain is organized and self-regulating, behavior improves, and concentration and attention increase. these inherent capabilities can be activated through brain wave training (hammond, 2007).in summary, it can be concluded that neurofeedback-based training has been effective in enhancing the sports performance and achieving sports success of adolescent soccer players. in other words, feedback on target behaviors leads to the learning necessary to generate brain waves that result in desired performance.