ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎی اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮی ارزشﮔﺬاری ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ایران

ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ زیستﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ در ﺟﻬﺎن ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎیهﻫﺎی ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪی ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ارزش واﻗﻌﯽ آن ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاین ارزشﮔﺬاری اﻛﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و زیستﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ را ﺑﺮای ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎی ﺷﻬﺮی ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ، در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎی اﺧﯿﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ویژه‌ای ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در این ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮور ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎی ارزیاﺑﯽ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ در ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﺸﻮر و ﻫﻤﯿﻦﻃﻮر ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ اﮐﺘﺸﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺐﻧﻈﺮان و ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ در ایران و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش دﻟﻔﯽ، ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ، زیرﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎیی ﺑﺮای ارزیاﺑﯽ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ اﻛﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ایران ﺗﺪوین ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪﻫﺎ، 5 ﻣﻌﯿﺎر، 17 زیرﻣﻌﯿﺎر و 56 ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮای ارزیاﺑﯽ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ اﻛﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. 5 ﻣﻌﯿﺎر اﺻﻠﯽ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ زیباییﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ، ﺗﻔﺮج و ﺑﻮمﮔﺮدی، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، ﺳﺎیتﻫﺎ و ﭘﺪیدهﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﻣﻌﻨﻮی و ﻣﻌﯿﺎر یادﮔﯿﺮی و آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻌﯿﺎر زیباییﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ زیرﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎی ﺗﻨﻮع ﭼﺸﻢاﻧﺪازﻫﺎ، ﺣﯿﺎت ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﻌﯿﻦ و اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮای ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺗﻔﺮج و ﺑﻮمﮔﺮدی زیرﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎی ﭘﺎرکﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ زیرﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎی ﺳﺎیتﻫﺎی ﺗﺎریخی، ﻣﯿﺮاث ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﻟﻬﺎم ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎی ﻫﻨﺮی، ﻣﮑﺎنﻫﺎی ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ و رویدادﻫﺎی ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ تعریف ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺳﺎیتﻫﺎ و ﭘﺪیدهﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﻣﻌﻨﻮی ﺑﺎ زیرﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺑﺎورﻫﺎی ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ و در ﻧﻬﺎیت یادﮔﯿﺮی و آﻣﻮزش ﺑﺎ 5 زیرﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ داﻧﺶ زیستﺑﻮم، داﻧﺶ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ، مدیریت داﻧﺶ، آﮔﺎﻫﯽ و داﻧﺶ ذیﻧﻔﻌﺎن و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﮔﺮی در ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮای ﻫﺮ یک از این زیرﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺠﺎمﺷﺪه ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎیی اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Formulating the Criteria and Indexes for Valuation of Cultural Services of Natural Ecosystems on the Basis of Endemic Characteristics of Iran

The natural environment is one of the most valuable properties of the human being, but its real cost has not been recognized yet. Therefore, the valuation of natural ecosystems that provide various social, cultural and environmental services to urban fabric collections has received special attention in recent years. In this study, after a review of valuation systems of cultural services in several countries, as well as exploratory interviews with relevant experts and researchers in Iran, some criteria, subcriteria, and indicators for valuing cultural services have been suggested by applying Delphi method. After studying the available resources and reviewing the interviews 5 main indexes with 17 subindexes and 56 indicators were extracted and introduced for evaluation of cultural services of natural ecosystems. Five main indexes include aesthetic, outgoing, cultural, spiritual, and education. These indexes have subindexes named diversity of perspectives, natural life, specific species and protection significance for the aesthetic index. An outgoing index has two subindexes namely natural parks and entertainment facilities. Cultural indexes have five subindexes namely historical sites, cultural heritage, nature as an intuition source for an artistic activities, religious locations, and cultural occurrences. A spiritual index has only one subindexes named religious beliefs. Eventually, education index has five subindexes namely knowledge about an ecosystem, traditional knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge of stakeholders and experiencing nature. It is possible to identify criteria and indicators and match them with cultural values in planning.