بررسی فقهی رویکرد لایحه حفظ کرامت و حمایت از زنان در برابر خشونت (1399) به تجاوز زناشویی

در اسناد بین المللی، تجاوز جنسی زناشویی جرم تلقی شده است. در حقوق بشر امامیه نیز با وجود تکلیف بودن تمکین خاص زوجه، زوج حق اجبار ندارد و محدوده‌‌ی مداخله‌ی شوهر در مواجهه با عدم تمکین تا طرد عاطفی شدید همسر می‌باشد و حق ضرب ندارد. براین بنیاد در ماده 42 لایحه حفظ کرامت و حمایت از زنان در برابر خشونت، تجاوز زناشوئی جرم‌انگاری شده؛ درحالی‌که مراد از تمکین نامشروع و گستره‌ی آن معین نشده است. طبق یافته‌های پژوهش دلیلی برای جرم انگاشتن صرف الزامِ همسر به تمکینِ بدون رضایت وجود ندارد مگر در فرض وجود مانع شرعی، عقلی و عرفی مانند نزدیکی بدون رضایت همسر در ایام قاعدگی، روزه و بیماری جسمی. با تتبع در متون فقهی، استعمال واژه‌ی تمکین نامشروع در متن قانون صحیح نیست، چه آثار شرعی و حقوقی خاصی مانند وطی به شبهه و ولد به شبهه بر آن مترتب می‌شود که قطعاً این‌گونه آثار نمی‌تواند مراد قانون‌گذار در ماده 42 لایحه باشد.

the bill protection, dignity, and security of women against violence (2019) approach to marital rape

background and purpose although special obedience and other obligations have beenestablished for the permanent wife in marriage, this does not imply that she should be a captive of the husband's unusual demands, especially sincethe commitment to good behavior toward the spouse is the duty of the spouses towards one another, and it requires that the husband does notforce the wife to obey and does not confuse love with imposition. although the creation of laws does not ensure the survival of men's and women'sromantic relationships, tyranny and injustice must be avoided by abiding by the law. in most legal systems, marital rape is considered a form ofsexual violence against women and is therefore criminalized. in themeantime, various strategies have been employed over the past twodecades to encourage governments to criminalize sexual violence in couplerelationships, particularly physical and mental coercion. thesemechanisms result in the criminalization of this violence in more than 104countries. (finkelhor & yllo, 1982). the majority of countries have notdifferentiated between rape and coercion by the spouse and by others.(miller, 2004).despite the criminalization of this violence, some governments havelimited the scope of its inclusion to specific cases and have given variousrulings and punishments for sexual abuse. this crime is realized in somecountries only when the woman has officially withdrawn her consentaccording to the court order with divorce. the 2012 islamic penal code states that the perpetrator of rape against a woman who is not known to them shall receive the most severe punishment, namely death. however, the code does not provide any penalty for the act of coercing a woman to engage in sexual activity without her consent by her husband. in contrast, article 42 of the bill protection, dignity, and security of women against violence (2019) states: forcing a wife to obey illegitimately is a crime, and the perpetrator is sentenced to one of seven punishment levels. the present article highlights the ambiguity and abstractness of the notion of illegitimate obedience, rendering it difficult to discern instances of such behavior in the context of marital relations for judicial purposes. additionally, the extent of its applicability remains undefined. the rising incidence of unconventional sexual behaviors within the context of marriage, and the imperative to safeguard the physical, psychological, and sexual well-being of women, underscores the need to contemplate stringent legal penalties, both criminal and civil, in this domain. this article aims to comprehensively evaluate and examine article 42 of the protection, dignity and security of women against violence bill (2019) through the lens of imami jurisprudence and criminal legislation in iran and other nations.