تطبیق ساختار روایی رمان «وحدها شجرة الرّمان» سنان انطون با نظریه‌ی روایت‌شناسی گریماس

داستان، بسانِ آینه‌ای، تحولات روحی انسان‌ها را در خود بازتاب می‌دهد و به همین دلیل از دیرباز مورد توجه بشر بوده است. بررسی روایت و داستان نیز سابقه‌ا‌‌ی دیرینه دارد و به پژوهش‌های ارسطو بازمی‌گردد. در دوره معاصر ، گریماس، نشانه‌شناس لیتوانیایی از دریچه‌ای دیگر به بررسی روایت و داستان می‌پردازد. هدف او از بررسی داستان، رسیدن به یک طرح کلی است که تمام روایت‌ها از آن پیروی می‌کنند. گریماس همه‌ی روایت‌ها را تابع یکی از این دو ساختار می‌داند: 1-قرارداد (ممنوعیت) _نقض_مجازات 2- بی‌نظمی یا عدم وجود قرارداد_نظم یا وجود قرارداد. بر مبنای الگوی گریماس در تمامی روایت‌ها شش عنصر روایی وجود دارد که عبارتند از: فاعل، هدف، گیرنده، فرستنده ،یاریگر، بازدارنده. باور او این است که در همه‌ی داستان‌ها گزاره‌های روایی که شامل وصفی، وجهی و متعدی است و همچنین زنجیره‌های روایی قابل مشاهده است. بر این ‌اساس، پژوهش حاضر می‌کوشد با اتخاذ رویکرد توصیفی _ تحلیلی و بر پایه‌ی نظریه‌ی روایت‌شناسی گریماس رمان «وحدها شجرة الرّمان» سنان انطون را مورد ارزیابی قرار دهد. بررسی نشان از آن دارد که این رمان، بن-مایه اجتماعی_سیاسی دارد و از ساختار قرارداد _ نقض_مجازات پیروی می‌کند. همچنین شش عنصر روایی، گزاره‌ها و زنجیره‌های روایی نظریه‌ی گریماس در این رمان مشاهده می‌شود.

adaptation of narrative structure of the novel ’the lone pomegranate tree’ written by senan anton with greimas narratology theory

introduction: a narrative consists of a sequential series of events whose crucial condition is the interconnectedness of these events. narration begins with the history of humanity, and its antiquity is as old as mankind's discovery of literary innovations. the examination of narrations has been a subject of interest since ancient times and traces back to aristotle's studies. one of the schools that delved into narratology in contemporary times is the structuralist school, which aims to uncover the language of narration and the structure behind it. the first person to propose a structural analysis pattern for stories was vladimir propp. following him, another structuralist named greimas delved into the study of narration. using his theory, it is possible to comprehensively examine the structure of a narrative. this article aims to adapt a descriptive-analytical method to compare the narrative structure of the novel the lone pomegranate tree with greimas narratology theory.methodology: greimas, seeks a generalizable overarching structure in all narratives, considering them all to be subject to a common structure despite their differences. in his analysis of stories, he focuses on the general narrative structure, narrative elements, propositions, and narrative chains.results and discussion: according to greimas, all narratives have one of the two structures, either contract-violation-punishment or absence of contract-existence. the novel lone pomegranate tree follows the first structure. the main character in this novel is javad. his father owns a funeral home (where dead bodies get washed to become ready for burial), and washing the deceased is an inherited profession in their family. the father expects javad to continue his occupation. this familial arrangement aligns with the contract of the greimas theory. however, javad has a passion for art and shows no inclination to the funeral home business. this contravenes the established familial agreement, coinciding with a violation as outlined in the greimas theory. his father opposes his decision, resulting in a consequence that matches the concept of punishment in the theory.in addition, the six elements that greimas believes exist in all narratives can be found in this novel. the elements are as follows:1. character: in the discussed novel, the protagonist is javad.2. goal: javad's goal is to pursue studies in the field of arts.3. receiver: the one who benefits from the actions of the story's character is javad himself.4. driving force: someone or something that propels the protagonist toward his goal, which, in this novel, is javad's passion and feelings for art5. helper: someone who assists the protagonist in achieving his goal, who, in this novel, are javad's brother amir, his mentor raed, and his uncle6. opponent: the force that opposes the protagonist's goal, which is javad's father and political and social conditions in iraqaccording to the greimas theory, every narrative is composed of three propositions including:a) descriptive proposition, which portrays the characteristics and situations of the protagonist. in this novel, javad is depicted as an art enthusiast who opposes his father's profession, and he suffers from nightly nightmares. all these attributes find their place in the descriptive proposition.b) cognitive proposition, which addresses the desires and beliefs of the protagonist. for example, javad wishes to become a prominent artist in iraq one day.c) actional proposition, which includes all the actions of the protagonist. for instance, from childhood, javad engages in designing everything and exerts great effort to become an artist.according to the greimas theory, the structure of a narrative consists of three narrative chains as follows:1. the contractual chain: creating a contract and breaking it are elements of this chain. in this novel, javad makes a personal contract with himself to pursue a career in art and find a job aligned with his field. however, due to the political and social conditions in iraq, he is forced to break this contract.2. the executive chain: it pertains to actions and tasks that imply execution and a mission. all of javad's efforts to achieve his goal are encompassed within this chain.3. the disjunctive chain: according to the greimas theory, all stories move from a negative situation to a positive one, or vice versa. this novel transitions from a positive situation to a negative one. at the beginning, javad leads a peaceful life. however, throughout the story, his brother is killed, his father passes away, and, despite his efforts to become an artist, he fails to achieve his goal.conclusion: from the analysis of novel the lone pomegranate tree, a number of results are obtained. the overall plot of this novel is about contract violation punishment, and its narrative elements are six as follows:1. character: javad2. goal: pursuing studies in the field of art3. receiver: javad himself4. sender: his passion and feelings towards art5. helper: mentor raed, javad's brother, and his uncle6. opponent: javad's father and the political and social conditions in iraqin this novel, the narrative propositions of the greimas theory (cognitive, descriptive, and actional) are identifiable. the narrative chains of the theory (contractual, executive, and disjunctive) also exist in this novel.