واکاوی دلواپسی غایی مرگ و راهکارهای انکار آن در رمان‌های «زهر اللّیمون وقصص اخرى» و «تلک الرائحة» با تکیه بر نظریۀ اروین دیوید یالوم

یکی از مهم ترین دغدغه‌های وجودی انسان، مسئله مرگ و مرگ هراسی است. اروین دیوید یالوم به عنوان یکی از نظریه پردازان حوزۀ نقد روانکاوی در نظریۀ خود به مسلّمات هستی چهارگانه نظیر: مرگ، آزادی، تنهایی و پوچی اشاره و برای هر یک راه درمانی را بیان کرده است. در این پژوهش و با استفاده از روش توصیفی – تحلیلی مضمون مرگ اندیشی و هراس از آن و راهکارهای رهایی از آن در دو رمان «زهراللّیمون وقصص اخری» از علاء الدیب و «تلک الرائحة» از صنع الله ابراهیم بر اساس نظریه اروین یالوم مورد واکاوی قرار گرفته است. برآیند پژوهش نشان می‌دهد مرگ اندیشی و هراس از آن ریشه‌ها و عوامل متعددی دارد. می‌توان گفت مهم‌ترین علل مرگ‌اندیشی و مرگ‌هراسی در نزد شخصیت‌های دو رمان «زهراللّیمون وقصص اخرى» و«تلک الرائحة»، تنهایی و تمایل به حضور در کنار دیگری و ارتباط با آنها است. از میان روش‌های تعیین شده از سوی یالوم برای انکار و رهایی از مرگ هراسی، راهکارهایی نظیر امید به نجات دهندۀ غایی، پشیمانی، موج آفرینی و خلاق بودن تنها در رمان «زهر اللیمون» مشاهده گردید. به عنوان مثال فتحی به عنوان یکی از شخصیت‎های اصلی داستان «القاهره» در شرایط مختلف با مرگ هراسی دست و پنجه نرم می‌کند. او راهکار امید به نجات دهندۀ غایی به عنوان یکی از شگردهای کاهش هراس از مرگ را در دادگاه و با امید به نجات یافتن از مرگ احتمالی ناشی از قصاص با لطف و عنایت خداوند نمایان ساخته است.

analyzing the ultimate anxiety of death and the ways to deny it in the novels zahr al-laymoun va qhesas al-okhra and telk al-raeha based on the theory of irvin david yalom

introduction: death, as an inevitable reality, is the subject of various philosophical studies. death and fear for it are among the oldest topics in the field of literature and philosophy that man has been struggling with since long. the issue of death in the existential school includes death itself, thinking about death, death-seeking, and fear of one’s own and others’ death. the issue of the apprehension of death and methods of getting rid of it can be examined in various ways. one of the practical sources in this field is literary texts. sometimes literary texts have themes and concepts related to the field of psychology, which provides the basis for examining it in interdisciplinary research based on the theories proposed in the field of psychoanalytic criticism. fear of death is known as one of the existential disorders. ervin yalom, a theorist in the field of psychoanalysis, believes that facing the four components of existence is painful but ultimately treatable. from his point of view, those four are death, freedom, loneliness, and emptiness. yalom is an american psychiatrist who has written books in the field of psychotherapy, the most important of which is existential psychotherapy. the importance of psychoanalytic criticism of literary texts is the discovery of the themes hidden in them, familiarization of the reader with the semantic and psychological layers present in them, identification of the causes of human psychological problems and dilemmas, and finding of solutions to treat the literary texts. therefore, conducting studies like the present one can be beneficial for researchers, writers, and those who suffer from ultimate anxieties, especially the fear of death. methodology: in this study, using a descriptive-analytical method and erwin yalom's theory, the theme of death and fear of it and the strategies for getting rid of it have been discussed in the novels zahr la-laymoun va qhesas al-okhra by alaa al-dib and telk al-raeha by sanallah ibrahim. results and discussion: the psychoanalytic criticism of the two novels based on yalom's psychotherapy components helps to understand the writing style and the context of the two authors, alaa al-dib and sanallah ibrahim, and their intellectual framework. it also helps the reader to understand the depth of the subject, the main content of the two novels, and the internal and psychological conditions of the characters in them. both authors have tried to portray the mental and psychological conditions of man as well as the conditions and structure of life in the context of the novel. the characters of the novels zahr al-laymoun va qhesas al-okhra and telk al-raeha along with two selected stories from it face important problems such as suffering, deficiencies, fear of death, freedom issues, loneliness, and emptiness. the authors, especially alaa al-dib, have crystallized the subject well. of the two authors, alaa al-dib has reflected the four ultimate concerns and their treatment methods in the characters of his novel better than sonallah ibrahim. this can be due to their intellectual background and approach. it should also be noted that psychological criticism of literary texts, unlike the formalist approach, does not contribute to the aesthetics of the text in terms of appearance and external form of language; rather, by using this type of criticism, one can reach the inner aesthetics and layers of meaning hidden in literary texts and introduce them to the reader of the text. conclusion: living in the difficult and unfortunate conditions of cairo, enduring the pain and suffering caused by imprisonment, and the tyranny that dominated the society during the reign of jamal abd al-nasser led the two writers to contemplate death, which was crystallized through the characters in the story. it has been revealed that death contemplation and fear of death exist in both the novels zahr al-laymoun va qhesas al-okhra and telk al-raeha. however, regarding the strategies for getting rid of death contemplation and fear, they were seen only in the novel zahr al-laymoun va qhesas al-okhra, and no such strategies were found in the novel telk al-raeha. among the methods determined by yalom to deny and get rid of death phobia, strategies such as hope for an ultimate savior, regret, creating waves, and being creative were seen only in the novel zahr al-laymoun va qhesas al-okhra. for example, fathi, as one of the main characters in the story al-qahirah, struggles with fear of death in various situations. he has shown the solution of hoping for the ultimate savior as a method of reducing the fear of death in court and with the hope of being saved from possible death caused by retribution by the grace and care of god. he also suggests the method of creating waves and being creative by trying to develop his abilities and acquiring some good traits. sheikha, another main character in the story al-qahirah, also uses this method to reduce the anxiety of death by expressing regrets for her past.