کارکرد امپرسیونیسم در رمان «برید اللیل» با تکیه بر نظریه فرگسن

در اواﺧﺮ ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ، ﻧﻘﺎﺷﺎن اﻣﭙﺮﺳﯿﻮﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﻮد ﻓﺮدی، ﻋﺼﺮ ﺧﻮ ﯾﺶ را دﺳﺘﻤﺎﯾﻪی آﻓﺮﯾﻨﺶ آﺛﺎر ﻫﻨﺮی ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﻮزان ﻓﺮﮔﺴﻦ از ﭘﯿﺸﮕﺎﻣﺎن ﻣﮑﺘﺐ اﻣﭙﺮﺳﯿﻮﻧﯿﺴﻢ، ﻫﻔﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ را ﺑﺮای آن ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮد. اﺳﺎس اﻣ ﭙﺮﺳﯿﻮﻧﯿﺴﻢ، اﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎت آﻧﯽ و ﻋﻄﻒ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ از ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻧﯿﺎی ذﻫﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑ ﺮدن از اﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ، ﻧﻮ ﯾﺴﻨﺪه آﺷﮑﺎر ﻣﯽﺳﺎزد ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺮق در دﻧﯿﺎی ﺧﻮد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﺟﺴﺘﺎر ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ رﻣﺎن »ﺑﺮ ﯾﺪ اﻟﻠﯿﻞ« از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ اﻣﭙﺮﺳ ﯿﻮﻧﯿﺴﻢ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻫﺪی ﺑﺮﮐﺎت در ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮی اﯾﻦ ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد. ا ﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ وﯾ ﮋﮔ ﯽ ﻫﺎی ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪی ﻓﺮﮔﺴﻦ، در ﻋﺒﺎراﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ واﮐﺎو ی ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻣﮑﺘﺐ اﻣﭙﺮﺳﯿﻮﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ، ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺣﮑﺎﯾﺖ از آن دارد ﮐﻪ ﻫﺪی ﺑﺮﮐﺎت ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت ذﻫﻨ ﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺣﺎل و ﻫﻮ ای ﻋﺎﻃﻔﯽ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﮐﻪ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮ ﯾﻪی ﻓﺮﮔﺴﻦ اﺳﺖ، ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺑﻮم ﻧﻘﺎﺷ ﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻇﻠﻢ و ﺗﺸﻮﯾ ﺶ در ﮐﺸﻮر ﺳﻮرﯾ ﻪ ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻋﺪم رﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺳﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف ﺧﻄﯽ در رواﯾﺖ و ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺧﯿﺎﻟﯽ راوﯾ ﺎن، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد را در داﺳﺘﺎن داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ

the function of impressionism in the novel barid al-layl based on ferguson's theory

introduction: since the 1890s, we have witnessed significant changes in story writing in such a way that literature has abandoned its usual style and turned to modernism. with the emergence of modern schools, literature became an arena for reflecting world events, and significant developments can be seen in story writing. at the end of the 19th century, impressionist painters, by recording the moment of the landscape, made their era the basis for creating works of art. later, when this style entered literary schools, susan ferguson, a pioneer of this school, listed seven characteristics for it, including a) limiting and emphasizing the point of view, b) showing emotion and inner experience, c) removing or changing some elements from the traditional plan, d) non-sequential narration of events, e) relying more on metaphor and describing events and characters, f) practicing brevity in the appearance and narrative structure of the story, and g) highlighting the style. the basis of impressionism is immediate feelings and turning attention from the outside world to the dark world of the mind, which the author reveals how each person is immersed in his or her own wonderful world.methodology: in this research, an attempt has been made to examine the novel barid al-layl from the perspective of the school of impressionism and its impressionistic features in order to answer the questions ‘is this work among impressionist works?’ and ‘which dimension of impressionism has hoda barakat been more successful in?’ to find the answer by focusing on ferguson's theory, the characteristics of this school have been described and analyzed with the descriptive-analytical method. the impressionistic features in this novel are first explained and then analyzed.results and discussion: the author uses the first-person point of view as a means of reflecting the inner feelings of the characters in the story, and each statement and perception expresses the individual attitudes of those people. removing or changing several elements of the plot has an ambiguous function in the narration of the story, as if the intention of this technique is to place the reader between the surface of the story and its depth. this feature has become the basis of sophisticated and delicate literary creation. the discontinuity of time in the narration and the interrupted monologue is a surprising trick to show the turbulent personality of the narrator. the confusion of the characters is such that they cannot focus on their words. maybe the narrator has relied on his imagination and illusions more than anything else. the function of place in this novel is often a metaphor to express the mind of the characters and their fears and interests. the narrator has attachment to or hatred for a place, and its origin is his mentality. sometimes a sensory stimulus causes a chain of mental reactions in the narrator. to narrate these reactions is to suspend the present and return to the past, or to encourage fantasy about the future. indeed, impressionism has played a significant role in the ambiguities and foundation of this narrative, and the author, who relies on this style, has been able to narrate a deep layer of meaning around the syrian society, the aspects of the war and what happened to them. therefore, this novel can be counted in the category of impressionistic works. this is a style of expressing the depth of the story by casting a shadow on the minds and emotions of the characters.conclusion: finally, the findings indicate that barakat abandoned the usual way of narration, accepted modern story writing and its changes, and presented an outstanding work whose main focus is the style of impressionism and ferguson's theory. in this impressionist novel, the expression of the author's personal perceptions of external affairs and phenomena is considered as the main plot of the story. explaining mental states and portraying the events are conducted with features of ferguson's theory including attention to perspective, focus on inner experiences, elimination plan, messing up the chronological sequence of events, brevity and attention to writing style, and referring to the events of a war-torn country. in fact, the technique of impressionism has played a significant role in the ambiguities and foundation of this narrative. by relying on this style, the author has been able to narrate a deep layer of meaning about the syrian society, the war, and the events that happened there. therefore, barid al-layl can be included in the category of impressionist works.