تحلیل جلوه‌های چند‌صدایی در رمان راعی غوالی وفاء العمیمی با نگاهی به نظریه‌ی‌ میخائیل باختین

احمد چند‌‌صدایی یکی از موضوعاتی است که در چند دهه‌ی اخیر در حوزه‌ی مطالعات ادبیات داستانی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. یکی از نظریات قابل توجه در این باب نظریه‌ی نظریه‌پرداز روسی، میخائیل باختین است. به اعتقاد میخائیل باختین چند‌صدایی توزیع مساوی صداها در متن است بدون اینکه صدایی بر صدای دیگر مسلط شود و استقلال صداها نقض شود. بهترین انواع ادبی برای بازتاب صداها، داستان، رمان و قصه هستتند و باختین تنها رمانی را در خور توجه می‌داند که مجال بروز صداهای مختلف را فراهم آورد. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی– تحلیلی به بررسی رمان راعی غوالی (چوپان شتری به نام غوالی) اثر وفاء العمیمی (1989م) براساس نظریه‌ی مذکور پرداخته است. العمیمی در این اثر تلاش کرده دیدگاه‌ها و باورهای غلط جامعه نسبت به زنان مطلقه را به تصویر بکشد؛ زنانی که برای تحقق آرزوها و خواسته‌های خود تلاش می‌کنند؛ اما افراد مختلف جامعه با پایبندی به اعتقادات کهن خود مانع رشد آن‌ها و شکوفایی استعدادهایشان می‌شوند. واقع گرایی و ارائه تصویری واقعی از جامعه دلیلی بر انتخاب این رمان است. از نتایج این پژوهش می‌توان به این مهم اشاره نمود که العمیمی با هدف نقد ساختارهای اجتماعی جامعه نسبت به زنان مطلقه صداهای مختلفی ایجاد نموده که با توجه به مولفه‌های چند صدایی مطرح شده از سوی باختین، وجود این صداها و شواهدی دیگر مانند تعدد گفتمان‌ها و ایدئولوژی‌ها، بینامتنیت، تعدد راویان و تغییر ناگهانی زاویه دید و کرونوتوپ در این رمان، آن را در دسته‌ی رمان‌های چند صدایی قرار داده است.

analysis of polyphonic effects in the novel ra'i ghawali by wafaa al-amimi using mikhail bakhtin's theory

introduction: polyphony has been among the topics of high significance in the fiction literature over the last decade. a notable theory in this regard is the polyphonic theory by mikhail bakhtin, the russian theoretician. according to him, polyphony is the same distribution of voices in the text without one voice dominating the others or violating their independence. the best types of literature for reflecting voices are story, novel and narrative, but bakhtin considers only a novel worth the opportunity for the emergence of different voices. the present study has analyzed the novel ra'i ghawali (a camel shepherd named ghwali) by wafa al-umimi (1989), using a descriptive-analytical approach based on bakhtin’s theory. al-amimi has attempted to illustrate the views and misconceptions of the society about divorced women in this novel. those women strive to fulfill their dreams, but people in the society prevent them from growing and developing their talent by sticking them to their old beliefs. the results show that this novel is consistent with the polyphonic features proposed by bakhtin. evidence such as the multiplicity of different discourses and ideologies, intertextuality, multiplicity of narrators, and the sudden change of perspective and chronotope confirm this claim. the story, novel, and tale provide a suitable platform for reflecting various conversations and voices in a society because their foundations are based on dialogue and interaction. mikhail bakhtin (1895-1975) believes that the novel is a form of literature where different voices and perspectives can emerge, voices that, on their own, lack significance and meaning, but only become meaningful in relation to one another, creating a system of meaning. bakhtin places a special emphasis on the genre of the novel, viewing it as a repository of multiple voices. in his view, the novel has the unique capacity to represent conflicting voices, which may not be found in other literary forms. according to bakhtin, poetry has a single-voiced nature, while the novel possesses a distinctive ability to represent multiple and diverse voices. in the arabic literature, writers such as wafaa al-amimi (born in 1989), an emirati female author, strive to create a multi-voiced space in their works to express contemporary human thoughts, problems, and concerns. the multi-voiced nature of novels and stories enables them to present a more comprehensive reflection of societal conversations and diverse voices, paving the way for a deeper understanding of human experiences. the use of novels, stories, and literature as a platform for reflecting different conversations and voices within a society allows for a richer and more nuanced portrayal of human interactions and the complexities of contemporary life. methodology: given the prominent role of young writers like wafaa al-amimi in advancing the contemporary arabic literature and introducing it to the world, the examination of her works provides an opportunity for deeper reflection and familiarity with the fiction of the uae and the author. on the other hand, bakhtin’s theory of polyphony highlights the necessity of further research, as it leads us to a new understanding of the text. with a descriptive-analytical approach, this research seeks to investigate and analyze the various voices in the novel raei ghawali based on bakhtin’s theory. these are scholarly and insightful thoughts reflecting the importance of cultural and literary exploration. results and discussion: the use of multiple discourses and internal monologue, evocation of meanings and dreams to highlight the voices of the characters, the use of quranic verses and poetry such as that of rashid al-maktoum, switching perspectives from first person to third person and vice versa, multiple narrators, and the presence of different ideologies, temporal and spatial interference and chronotopes are the factors that prove the polyphony of the novel raei ghawali. the voices in this novel include one belonging to amani, which calls for freedom and reclaiming her place in the society. amani's voice exposes the experience of a divorced woman who is ostracized by the society and shunned by people due to her divorce. the second voice is that of buthayna, ahmad, and amani's father, who, in some cases, restricts women in matters such as clothes and their presence in social gatherings, confining their place solely to the home. in fact, this voice portrays the patriarchal ideology of the society, freely engaging in second, third, or even fourth marriages, while restricting women in many aspects and depriving them of even the most basic rights such as driving, attending social events, or employment. al-amimi employs multiple voices to illustrate the issue of ignored rights of divorced women, the misconceptions people have about them, and the declination of their societal position. simultaneously, she creates a space for the free expression of thoughts, ideas, and beliefs for different characters. conclusion: dialogue is one of the important and prominent elements in a literary and narrative work, as it drives the narrative action, introduces characters, and contributes to the dynamism of the story. according to bakhtin, the diversity of languages and individual voices in narration is a structured and literary diversity. in the novel in question, numerous dialogues occur between the characters, such as the conversation between amani and faisal regarding their wedding ceremony and its organization. later, they discuss the expenses of the ceremony, providing a platform for expressing their opinions about the customs and traditions of marriage. amani believes in a more lavish wedding ceremony, while faisal prefers the contrary. despite faisal’s belief in adhering to the customary and affordable way of conducting the ceremony within his means, he organizes the ceremony in the most magnificent possible way for amani’s satisfaction. the primary issues that the characters address include women’s rights, women’s attire and veiling, and the restrictions women face against men’s privileges in an arab society.