کاربست شیوه‌ی روایی فراداستان تاریخ نگارانه‌ در رمان صانع الظلام اثر تامر ابراهیم

با گسترش اندیشه‌های پسامدرنیستی در قرن حاضر، رابطه‌ی انسان با بسیاری از علوم و هنرهای معاصر دستخوش تغییر و تحولی بنیادین و اساسی گردید؛ علت این تغییر را باید در نحوه‌ی نگرش جدیدی یافت که اندیشه‌های پسامدرنی به انسان معاصر بخشید. یکی از میدان‌هایی که تاثیری شگرف و شالوده‌شکنانه‌ از اندیشه‌ی پست مدرن گرفت، ادبیات و به ویژه رمان بود. در کنار ادبیات، تاریخ نیز از این تاثیرات بی‌بهره نبود؛ در حقیقت اندیشه‌های پسامدرنیستی سبب شد تا ادبیات و تاریخ در فضایی ویژه به هم آمیزند و نوع جدیدی از شیوه‌ی روایت‌گری را در رمان بنیان نهند که فراداستان تاریخ‌نگارانه نامیده شد. رمان صانع الظلام اثر تامر ابراهیم رمان نویس معاصر مصری، از جمله آثاری است که به خوبی توانسته از مولفه‌های پست‌مدرن و به ویژه شیوه‌ی‌ روایی فراداستان تاریخ‌نگارانه در آفرینش رخدادهای داستانی خود بهره برده و دنیای جدیدی از داستان‌نویسی معاصر را با درآمیختن خیال و واقعیت در بستر رخدادهای تاریخی و در ژانر وحشت به خواننده‌ ارائه دهد. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است تا به شیوه‌ی توصیفی تحلیلی شیوه‌ی روایی ویژه‌ی رمان صانع الظلامبر مبنای فرداستان تاریخ‌نگارانه را مورد بررسی قرار دهد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان‌دهنده‌ی این واقعیت است که رمان صانع الظلام با بهره‌گیری از مولفه‌هایی مانند اتصال کوتاه، درآمیختگی خیال و واقعیت، زمان‌پریشی‌های تاریخی، ورود شخصیت‌های تاریخی به رمان و تلاش برای تغییر ماهیت و عملکرد آنها و نامشخص بودن فرجام، رمانی کاملا پست مدرنیستی بوده و تامر ابراهیم با شیوه‌ی روایی فراداستان‌تاریخ‌نگارانه، مرزهای زمانی و تاریخی را دراثر خود به چالش کشیده است.

applying the historical metafiction approach to the novel sane’ al-zalam by tamer ibrahim

introduction: postmodernism should be considered as a dramatic and revolutionary development that took place in the second half of the twentieth century in europe and was influenced by the prevailing political and social conditions. it entered the world of humanities, arts and literature and had a significant impact on writers. this influence on the western literature led to the formation of many literary works known as postmodern literature, of which the share of novel was very significant. the postmodern critique also found its way into the world of literature and art. meta-fiction can be considered as one of the most important features of postmodern literature, so much so that it has even been called a new postmodern achievement in the field of literature. the novel sane’ al-zalam by tamer ibrahim, contemporary egyptian novelist, is one of the postmodern novels written in the horror genre. by using postmodern elements and the historiographical metanarrative method, he has been able to present to the reader a work that is predominantly existential. also, by entering the history and mixing it with the story, the novelist has broken the boundaries between the story and the history. thus, by examining the novel, the present research aims to answer the questions a) what are the most important postmodernist components of the novel sane’ al-zalam?, and b) what characteristics have caused the meta-historical aspect of this work to prevail over its other postmodern components? methodology: one of the most important features of postmodern literature is its meta-fictional aspect. this style of writing is known as metanarrative because the authors of metanarratives, unlike the writers of previous stories, not only show the real storytelling process but also try to make the reader familiar with the unreality of the story by playing with traditional storytelling techniques. the main difference between meta-fiction and earlier storytelling methods lies in how the narrator deals with the elements of storytelling. the novel sane’ al-zalam by the contemporary egyptian novelist tamer ibrahim is considered able to use elements of postmodernism, especially the narrative style of historical metafiction, which creates the events of the novel. he created a new world in the contemporary novel by mixing fantasy and reality in the context of the events as well as history and horror. the current research aims to analyze the components of postmodernism and the special narrative approach of the novel sane’ al-zalam based on the theory of historical metafiction in a descriptive-analytical manner. results and discussion: the most important features of sane’ al-zalam are as follows:a) in the non-fiction style of storytelling, the author tries to figure out the events of the story in such a way that the reader does not doubt the reality of those events. in other words, the author hides his presence in the story. however, in postmodern literature and the meta-fiction writing style, explicitly stating that the author is at the heart of the work is one of the earliest meta-fiction tricks. in his novel, tamer ibrahim repeatedly enters the text of the story and talks to the reader and introduces him to the next events of the story, thus emphasizing the fakeness of his story. b) the author is present in the story and has conversations with the reader, which is the main difference between postmodern stories and the way the story was written before. in previous novels, the author would do his best to hide behind the characters of the story and thus assure the reader that the story is real. c) the passing of time and the collapse of historical time is visible in all the chapters of the story. yusuf, who is the main character of the story, appears in different times. he is present in the time of the phoenicians, the prehistoric era, in hungary during the elizabethan period, and during the ottoman wars with europe. d) the author of the metafiction allows himself to interfere with the historical events and present a different interpretation of them than what the history has stated. by placing real and fictional historical characters together in the text of his novel, tamer ebrahim has challenged the objectivity of history. conclusion: the results of this research show that the novel sane’ al-zalam uses components such as the presence of the author in the text, mixing fiction with reality in history, historical time intervals, introducing historical characters into the novel and seeking to change their nature, function and uncertainty. the novel can be considered a completely post-modern novel, and tamer ibrahim has challenged time and historical boundaries in his work with this narrative style