الهام گیری از کهن اسطوره ی گیل گمش در شعر معاصر عربی با تکیه بر شعر سمیح القاسم، ادونیس و سعدی یوسف

اسطوره ی میانرودانیِ «گیلگمش» به همراه شخصیت مکمّل وی «انکیدو» با درونمایه ی مرگ، جاودانگی و آرمان‌های والای انسانی، جایگاه ویژه ای در شعر معاصر عربی یافته و مورد توجه شاعران نوگرای آن قرار گرفته است. سه تن از شاعران نامدار معاصر عرب «سمیح القاسم»، «ادونیس» و «سعدی یوسف» در بستر شعرشان، توجه ویژه به این اسطوره نمودند و کوشیدند با محور قراردادن شخصیت اسطورهایِ گیلگمش و الهامگیری از تجربه ی آن، به ترسیم خواسته ها و دلنگرانی های خود بپردازند و با خوانشی جدید از آن میراثِ کهنِ اسطورهای، تفسیری تازه تر و عمیقتر از آن تراژدی غمبار ارائه دهند. در پی تمرکز ویژه ی سه شاعر یادشده بر اسطوره ی مورد بحث، این پژوهش بر آن است تا پس از معرفی اسطوره ی یادشده، در گام نخست با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و به صورت جداگانه، به واکاوی محورهای مورد توجه هر یک از شاعران از اسطوره، نقد محتوایی متن شعری آنان و تبیین اهداف الهام گیری از سوی سه شاعر بپردازد و در گام دوم، رویکردهای آنان به کهن اسطوره را مورد همسنجی و مقایسه قرار دهد و به عنوان نتیجه، آن را فرادید مخاطبان قرار دهد. از نتایج این پژوهش آن است که سه شاعر با نگاه خاکستریِ خود، گیلگمش را در فضای تراژدیک و غمبار حضور دادهاند. دیگر اینکه سمیح القاسم به رغم استفاده ی چشمگیر از شگردهای ادبی، نتوانسته تجربه ی جدیدی بر گیلگمش خود حمل نماید و به تکرار تجربه ی کهن پرداخته است. این در حالی است که ادونیس و سعدی یوسف به مرحله ی «اسطوره سازی» رسیده و توانسته اند از رهگذر آن شخصیت اسطوره ای، تجربه های جدیدی را فرادید مخاطب قرار دهند.

inspiration of the ancient myth of gilgamesh in the contemporary arabic poetry based on the poetry of samih al-qasim, adonis and saadi yousef

introduction: myth has a special value and place in the contemporary arabic poetry and is strongly intertwined with it. prominent contemporary arab poets turned to this element in order to symbolize the poetic language and to express ideas indirectly and more artistically. a very important myth that has appeared in a large bulk of contemporary arabic poetry is the myth of gilgamesh. this mythical character is defeated due to the inclusion of various meanings, including the attempt to discover the mystery of immortality, the desire for immortality, enmity and friendship together, enduring difficulties in achieving goals, meeting a wise old man, and trying to destroy evil. in the test of awakening, the loss of the plant of youth and the water of life, the surrender to destiny, etc., have created a good opportunity for contemporary arab poets to present their personal and social experiences to the audience in the light of calling that myth in the context of their poetry. samih al-qasim from palestine in the poem &jaljamesh, alloh-al-thales ashar&, adonis from syria in the two poems &jalqamesh& and &sajil 1999&, as well as saadi yusuf from iraq in the poem &manzel al-masrat& are among the poets who used this myth artistically.methodology: this research has been done by a descriptive-analytical method, and content criticism has been performed through the analysis of the three poems.results and discussion: one of the most important mythological characters mentioned in the poetry of samih al-qasim (1939-2014), a famous contemporary palestinian poet, is &gilgamesh&. the myth has entered the poem book my exterior is the face of the essence of the day published in 2000 for the first time. in this poem, samih al-qasim is inspired by the myth of gilgamesh. what is striking at the outset is that the poet &unfamiliarizes& himself with this name. because a tablet is added to the twelve tablets of the myth, the beginning of the speech is attractive to the audience and creates enthusiasm and motivation for reading the poem to the end and learning from the new words of the mythical character. it is worth mentioning that the poet based the poem on the centrality of gilgamesh’s character.in the relatively long poem sejil (1999), adonis has paid attention to this myth many times and tried to use the &formula of speech& and the technique of masking and identifying with the myth of gilgamesh, as an intangible and objective equivalent, from the theme of that ancient text. in &sajil&, the poet has tried to use the same myth to portray the oppression and isolation of intellectuals. he wishes gilgamesh had power and all the people of the city would obey him. but gilgamesh is an unruly ruler and no one pays attention to his words. therefore, the poet’s purpose is to highlight the isolation of intellectualsthe contemporary iraqi poet saadi yusuf has paid special attention to the myth of gilgamesh in his poem &manzel al-masrat& from the poetry book &al-layali koloha&, which was published during the ba’ath party’s rule in iraq. the poet &manzel al-masrat& represents a house in baghdad where dancers and actors live and dance and have fun. this poem is one of the works in which saadi yousef invokes the myth of gilgamesh in its opening lines so that he can express the socio-political issues of his country.according to the type of concern and desire, mainly based on gilgamesh’s journey, the poet is disappointed of achieving his desires. confusion, bewilderment during the migration, enkidu’s death, and his quest to unravel the mystery of life and death help the character unravel and liberate his backwardness. therefore, despite the fact that samih al-qasim has placed his gilgamesh in a wider space by using various tricks, and apart from mentioning the same philosophy of life and death, he has not gained any new experience in it and in the process of invocation; the use of old faces is a redundancy in poetry.