بررسی عنصر مکان و کارکردهای آن در رمان «عالم بلاخرائط» اثر مشترک «عبدالرحمن منیف» و «جبرا ابراهیم جبرا»

عنصر فنی مکان از ابتدای پیدایش ژانر رمان در قرن هجدهم تاکنون، نقش بارزی در فرآیند تعیّن بخشی به پیرنگ داشته است. امّا در رمان های مدرن امروزی نقش آن بسیار فراتر رفته و دیگر صرفاً به عنوان جولانگاهی برای جنبش قهرمانان و رخدادها به شمار نمی رود، بلکه همگام با نقش همیشگی، گاهی بسان شخصیّتی مستقل و اثرگذار بر سیر حوادث و رخدادهای رمان و نیز بر روابط میان شخصیتها عمل کرده است. این جستار با استفاده از روش توصیفی– تحلیلی، به بررسی و طبقه بندی انواع مختلف مکان در رمان عالم بلاخرائط محصول مشترک دو رمان نویس مشهور عرب، عبدالرحمن منیف و جبرا ابراهیم جبرا پرداخته است. بدین صورت است که ابتدا مهمترین مکانهای بسته و باز رمان را در دو شکل خصوصی و عمومی آن، معرفی و مصداق یابی کرده و سپس، به بیان مهمترین کارکردهای فنی آنها پرداخته است. نویسندگان این رمان با توصیف ماهرانه ی جزئیات برخی از مکانها، در کنار کارکردهای عادی این عنصر، جنبه ی نمادین نیز به آنها بخشیده‌‌اند، که بارزترین آنها شهر عموریّة، به عنوان فضای اصلی رمان است. گره‌گشایی داستان و کشف شخصیت رازآلود نجوی که قهرمان زن این داستان است، تنها از طریق این عنصر مکانی ممکن میگردد. اما در بیشتر موارد، فراخوانی مکان صرفاً به عنوان ابزاری برای پرداخت شخصیت ها یا به منظور باورپذیرکردن حوادث بوده و به انتقال عواطف و احساسات شخصیت ها به خواننده کمک کرده است.

study of the setting and its functions in the novel alam bi-la kharait jointly authorrd by abdul rahman munif and jabra ibrahim jabra

introduction:  since the advent of the genre of novel in the eighteenth century, the technical element of setting has been a component to determine the plot; however, its role has become much more important in modern novels, and it is not simply a field for the actions of the heroes and the occurrence of the events. sometimes, with its usual function, this element has played an independent and effective role in the course of the events and the relationship among the characters. the novel of alam bi-la kharait is coauthored by two great arab world novelists, jabra ibrahim jabra and abdolrahman mounif. it reflects a social theme, and a picture of arabic societies in 1979 has been displayed. since the title of this novel implies the setting, it is absolutely important to investigate the element of setting in this novel and to discover its dimensions and functions.methodology: this essay, through a descriptive-analytic method, investigates and classifies the most important settings in the novel alam bi-la kharait jointly written by two famous arab novelists, abdul rahman munif and jabra ibrahim jabra. the procedure, in the first place, is to introduce and find examples of open and closed as well as private and public settings and then to investigate the bases of those examples and their technical functions. according to the results of the research, except the city of amorium which plays the usual role of a setting and is symbolized as the main setting of the novel, the rest of the open and closed as well as public and private places, such as the multiple houses, villages, restaurant, sea and university, had often functioned as the tools of characterization. however, when these settings are described in detail, they can serve to make the events believable, create an emotional atmosphere, and convey the sentiments of the characters of the novel to the reader. results and discussion: the denouement and even the discovery of the mysterious character of najva, the heroine of this story, is only possible through the element of setting. another notable point regarding amorium is that, through a monologue and based on the psychological analysis of the women characters in communication, aala calls them amorium or madineh, ranging from naeleh, his teenage love, to najva and then mayadeh. the narrator wishes to make the reader understand the symbolic secret that najva is his homeland which he has lost for many reasons and is now in the hands of strangers, and aala, tired and wandering in search of another homeland, opens his heart to beautiful mayadeh. so, he may replace his lost love with her love and affection. it is directly pointed that “mayadeh is another amorium of mine and i cannot lose her.” mayadeh (the substituted homeland), although beautiful, never replaces najva (the main homeland). so, he says “mayadeh should forgive me forever, because najva isn’t forgettable.” the mysterious presence of women characters in this novel not only provides an appropriate basis for expressing female emotions and a romantic content but also is mixed with the concept of the homeland (amorium). these women characters appear in the novel as complicated and mysterious characters. through analyzing these women characters, we can figure out the importance of the setting of “amorium” and the deep relationship between them. in the end, with the mysterious murder of  najva, the novel, just like postmodernist stories, comes to an open end, and the investigators of the truth steep themselves in the ambiguities of her case, just like amorium which had vanished in the history.conclusion: in the novel alam bi-la kharait, it is deduced that the setting of amorium with all its symbols, such as streets, sidewalks, neighborhoods, and their houses, has at least two important functions. first, the technical functions of characterization have been selectively dealt with.