بررسی وضعیت آموزش زبان و ادبیات فارسی در پاکستان (مراکز، منابع، روش‌ها، سرفصل‌ها و عوامل انگیزشی)

شبه قاره هند، بویژه کشور پاکستان، در طول تاریخ، یکی از حوزه‌های اصلی نفوذ فرهنگ، ادبیات و زبان فارسی به شمار می‌رفته و مردم این سامان همواره به فرهنگ ایرانی و زبان و ادبیات فارسی علاقه‌مند بوده‌اند. این تعلّق خاطر فرهنگی، موجب اشتیاق عمومی نسبت به فراگیری و به تبع آن، انباشت تجربه تاریخی در زمینه آموزش زبان و ادبیات فارسی در این منطقه بوده است. در دوران معاصر، بویژه پس از پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی نیز سیاست‌‌های کلان فرهنگی بیش از پیش به تعمیق روابط فرهنگی و گسترش زبان و ادبیات فارسی در این منطقه معطوف گردید و همین امر موجب شد تا آموزش زبان و ادبیات فارسی، رشد بی‌سابقه‌ای در این کشور داشته باشد. با عنایت به این که هرگونه سیاست‌گذاری جدید در این زمینه، نیازمند کسب اطلاعات دقیق از وضعیت کلی آموزش زبان و ادبیات فارسی در این کشور است، این پژوهش با بهره گیری از روش‌ آمایشی و توصیفی – تحلیلی، کوشیده است تا وضعیت مراکز، روش‌ها، دوره‌ها و منابع آموزش زبان و ادبیات فارسی را در پاکستان بررسی و تحلیل نماید. نتایج حاصل از تحقیق نشان می دهد که افزون بر مراکز دانشگاهی دولتی و خصوصی، خانه فرهنگ و برخی حوزه‌های علمیه و موسسات خصوصی، با استفاده از روش‌های حضوری، مجازی، مکاتبه‌ای و ادبیات‌محور، به امر آموزش زبان و ادبیات فارسی اشتغال دارند و دوره‌های کوتاه‌مدت و بلند مدت خود را با استفاده از منابع تهیه شده در داخل ایران یا در کشور پاکستان (که در متن مقاله به تفصیل معرفی شده ‌است) برگزار می‌نمایند. بررسی‌های آماری نشان می‎دهد که انگیزه‌های فرهنگی در فارسی‌آموزان پاکستانی بیش از سایر عوامل انگیزشی، آن‌ها را به فراگیری زبان فارسی ترغیب می‌کند و بسامد فراگیرانی که تمایل دارند، زبان فارسی را در کشور ایران بیاموزند، به صورت معناداری بالاتر است.

studying the status of persian language and literature education in pakistan (centers, sources, methods, headlines and motivational factors)

throughout history, pakistan has been one of the main spheres of influence of persian culture, literature, and language in the indian subcontinent and the people of this region have always been interested in learning the persian language and literature and getting acquainted with iranian culture. this cultural affiliation has led to the accumulation of historical experiences in the field of teaching the persian language and literature in this region. in the contemporary era, and especially after the victory of the islamic revolution, macro cultural policies became more and more focused on deepening cultural relations and the spread of persian language and literature in this region, which has led to the teaching of persian language and literature in this country. considering that any new policy in this field requires obtaining accurate information about the general situation of persian language and literature education in this country, this study has tried to use the method of the descriptive analytical method to determine the status of centers, methods, courses and examine and analyze persian language and literature teaching resources in pakistan. the results show that in pakistan, public and private university centers, the house of culture of iran, and some seminaries and private institutions teach persian language and literature using face to face, virtual, correspondence, etc. methods, in short term and long term courses. they spend their time using textbooks written inside iran or in pakistan (which is described in detail in the article). statistical studies show that the cultural motivations of pakistani persian learners encourage them to learn persian language more than other motivational factors and the frequency of learners who want to learn persian language in iran is significantly higher.extended abstract:throughout history, pakistan has been one of the main spheres of influence of persian culture, literature, and language in the indian subcontinent and the people of this region have always been interested in learning persian language and literature and getting acquainted with iranian culture. this cultural affiliation has led to the accumulation of historical experiences in the field of teaching the persian language and literature in this region. in the contemporary era, and especially after the victory of the islamic revolution, macro cultural policies became more and more focused on deepening cultural relations and the spread of the persian language and literature in this region which has led to the teaching of persian language and literature in this country. considering that any new policy in this field requires obtaining accurate information about the general situation of persian language and literature education in this country, this study has tried to use the method of the descriptive analytical method to determine the status of centers, methods, courses and examine and analyze persian language and literature teaching resources in pakistan. the results show that in pakistan, public and private university centers, the house of culture of iran, and some seminaries and private institutions teach persian language and literature using face to face, virtual, correspondence, etc. methods, in short term and long term courses. they spend their time using textbooks written inside iran or in pakistan (which is described in detail in the article). statistical studies show that the cultural motivations of pakistani persian learners encourage them to learn persian language more than other motivational factors and the frequency of learners who want to learn persian language in iran is significantly higher.by reviewing the status of persian language and literature education in pakistan, we found that the region’s long history of persian language and literature has influenced its people’s interest in iranian language, literature, and culture. the background and experience of teaching the persian language and the variety of its methods and resources in this system are sometimes even more than in iran. because the interest, need and cultural necessity of familiarizing with the persian language and literature and iranian culture has always existed among the people of the sub continent.however, the native language of the residents of these countries is not persian and the learning of persian language in these countries, especially pakistan, should have been done through formal education. therefore, the historical continuity of persian language and literature education in pakistan, the accumulation of practical experience in this field, the establishment of several educational centers, the use of various and sometimes innovative and unique methods, the production of various teaching resources and teaching aids, taking into account the goals and methods of teaching persian language and literature in this country and most importantly, a series of successive generations of persian language and literature teachers and trainers have been trained in this country; this tradition has continued until today.according to what was mentioned in the previous sections, the methods of teaching persian language in this country are face to face, virtual (online), correspondence, four skill, one skill, two skill, and education through literature. in pakistan, many colleges teach persian language, and also a large number of public, goverment, semi govermental universities, and religious schools also offer persian language classes. it should be noted that some universities in pakistan have an independent department of persian language and literature, and some universities have persian language and literature courses in different fields, in addition to the main, specialized, compulsory, and optional courses of other humanities fields, like islamic studies, history, philosophy, iqbal studies, art, urdu punjabi language and literature, etc.institutions related to the islamic republic of iran, like the iranian cultural center, by establishing educational centers and activities during the last four decades, has carried out worthy measures for the growth and expansion of the persian language and literature in pakistan. regarding the motivational factors in pakistani persian learners, it can be concluded from the statistical studies that they learn persian mostly with cultural motivations. the interesting point is that despite the existence of academic and non academic centers with a proven track record in the field of persian language education in pakistan, the number and percentage of people who want to learn persian language in iran’s educational centers is significantly higher. although part of this desire is not related to the category of education or language learning, it is caused by the historical and cultural attractions of iran for pakistani nationals.in the end, it is suggested that researchers focus on the subject of persian language education, through literature, especially poetry, and the opportunities and challenges of using it and analyze this method in pakistan and other countries in a scientific way.