a cost-effective trade-off in distribution system expansion planning between construction of conventional/renewable distributed energy sources in long term

Nowadays, with the detrimental impacts of air pollution on human health and its significant societal expenses, it has been imperative to utilize renewable energy sources (ress) and energy storage systems (esss). this study introduces a new objective function aimed at achieving a long-term optimal plan where it contrasts the outcomes of meeting network load demand with and without the integration of renewable/non-renewable distributed energy resources (ders). the analysis considers installation and operational costs, addressing uncertainties through monte-carlo and scenario-based methodologies. the proposed problem is structured as a convex optimization model. simulations are conducted on the ieee 33-bus system, showcasing the model’s efficacy through cost efficiency and reduced emission expenses. the study confirms that the investment in renewable energy resources and ess units can be recouped in less than five years. it was observed that in the long-term, there is a cost reduction of 29.4% when der units are incorporated. also, the emission cost for the horizon year is diminished by 43.2% compared to the case where the ders are absent.