مطالعه تجربه زیسته مادری و همسری در بین زنان سرپرست خانوار تهرانی

خانواده نقش مهمی در سلامت روانی و اجتماعی اعضای خود و پس از آن در سلامت اجتماعی جامعه ایفا می­کند. حضور نداشتن هر یک از والدین در محیط خانواده تعادل آن را به هم زده و موجب تضعیف کارکردهای آن می­شود. مادر در خانواده­های زن سرپرست علاوه بر وظایف و مسئولیت­های مادری، نقش و وظایف جدیدی در خانواده پیدا می­کند. وخامت این شرایط زمانی مضاعف می‌شود که جایگاه فرودست زنانه با پایگاه فرودست طبقاتی همراه شده و این دو شکاف عمده بر هم متراکم ‌شوند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی مسائل و دغدغه­های مادران سرپرست خانوار و نحوه مواجهه آن‌ها با مشکلات پیش رو با رویکرد کیفی و روش پدیدارشناسی انجام شده است. به این منظور با 19 نفر از مادران سرپرست خانوار ساکن شهر تهران، مصاحبه­هایی نیمه ساختاریافته و عمیق انجام شد و برای گزینش آن­ها روش نمونه­گیری هدفمند به کار گرفته شد. پس از تجزیه و تحلیل یافته­ها 11 مضمون به دست آمد. این مضامین روند زندگی مادران سرپرست خانوار را در دوران پیش از سرپرستی و دوران سرپرستی نمایان می­سازد. در نهایت با توجه به داده­های تحقیق 5 تیپ از زنان سرپرست خانوار (زنان آسیب­دیده و مطرود، زنان با انگیزه برای بهبود و تغییر شرایط، زنان دارای حمایت نسبی خانواده، زنان پرستار همسر و فرزندان در خانواده، فرزندان حامی زنان و مادران سرپرست) را شناسایی کردیم. رنج مضاعف، طرد و انزوای اجتماعی (اجباری یا خودخواسته)، بازسازی هویت از مقولات محوری و مشترک زنان سرپرست خانوار در این مطالعه است.

Study of lived experience of motherhood and marriage of women heads of households in Tehran

The family plays an important role in the mental and social health of its members and then in the social health of the community. The absence of either parent in the family environment upsets its balance and weakens its functions. Femaleheaded households, in addition to maternal duties and responsibilities, find new roles and responsibilities in the family. Worsening of these conditions is compounded when the position of the female inferior is combined with the inferior position of the class and these two major gaps condense. The aim of this study was to investigate the issues and concerns of heads of households and how they face the challenges ahead with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method. For this purpose, semistructured and indepth interviews were conducted with 19 heads of households living in Tehran, and purposive sampling method was used to select them. After analyzing the findings, 11 themes were obtained. These themes include the life process of motherstobe, including precare conditions and the challenges of cohabitation (child as a means of cohesion and survival, efforts to maintain and rebuild life, negative family attitudes toward divorce), and care issues (poverty). And includes selfesteem, antisemitism, social isolation, double suffering, child concern, reconstructed identity, mental and physical trauma, feelings of insecurity and fear. Finally, according to the identification of 5 types of femaleheaded households (injured and rejected women, women motivated to improve and change the situation, women with relative family support, female nursing spouses and children in the family, children supporting women and caring mothers) We obtained the research data. Double suffering, social exclusion (forced or voluntary), and identity reconstruction are central and common categories of femaleheaded households in this study. Keywords heads of households, phenomenology, typology, double suffering, social exclusion.             Introduction PurposeThe family is the first and most important institution in human history that plays an important role in the mental and social health of its members and then in the social health of society. The loss of a husband and its socioeconomic consequences put women at a disadvantage. The division of labour in the family is distorted, and women accept the role of mother and guardian of both children. This multiplicity of roles can cause many pressures and injuries for women heads of households (Sediq, 2008; Moeidfar, 2007; Khosravi, 2001). The present study addresses the issue of how mothers who are heads of households can cope with nursing and dealing with sick family members, family support and provision (economically, emotionally) alone? And what challenges and issues do they face in this regard? In this study, understanding the lived and unique experience of women heads of households in dealing with these issues, their semantic understanding of the discomfort they suffer through such conditions, as well as their typology are among the main goals. Research Methods The research was carried out using a qualitative approach and a phenomenological methodology. The sample of this study is 19 motherheaded households living in Tehran. Results After analyzing the findings, 11 themes were obtained. These themes reflect the life process of the motherstobe in the precare and caregiver eras. Finally, according to the research data, 5 types of femaleheaded households (injured and rejected women, women motivated to improve and change the situation, women with relative family support, women nursing spouses and children in the family, supportive children Women and guardian mothers) were identified. Double suffering, social exclusion (forced or voluntary), and identity reconstruction are central and common categories of femaleheaded households in this study. Improving the situation of women heads of households requires, above all, empowering them in the areas of employment, skills and selfawareness.