comprehensive review of nocturnal enuresis in children

Background: enuresis is a common problem that affects up to 15% of 5‐year‐old childrenand may have significant psychological, emotional, and social consequences for boththe child and their family. enuresis is the inability of toilet‐trained children to hold urineduring the night. it can be classified as primary and secondary. secondary enuresis occursin children who have had a dry duration of more than six months; otherwise, it is calledprimary enuresis.objectives: this narrative review aims to summarize the available data on the epidemiology,etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of children with enuresis.methods: this study was conducted through a literature search with the keywords basedon medical subject headings (mesh) and were combined with other keywords, includingenuresis, pediatric, incontinence, and treatment using pubmed, embase, web of sciences,scopus, and cochrane databases.results: the initial evaluation of enuresis needs a detailed medical history and a carefulphysical examination with no need for radiology and invasive procedures. the treatment’smainstay is non‐pharmacological treatments, such as behavioral intervention followedby pharmacotherapy. the appropriate treatment chosen depends on the children's age,midnight voiding patterns, and family and child preferences.conclusions: enuresis is a common disorder that affects both the child and the family inmany ways. enuresis's etiology is complex, and it is still not well understood. the child andfamily must be included in the treatment process, and potential pathophysiological causesmust be taken into account.