effects of emotional schema therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with bipolar ii disorder

Background: bipolar ii disorder (bd-ii) is a chronic mental illness with recurrent episodes of depression that causes emotional disorders in patients. objectives: the present study aimed to investigate the effects of emotional schema therapy (est) and dialectical behavior therapy (dbt) on psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with bd-ii. methods: this study was carried out using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. the study population consisted of all patients with bd-ii visiting the counseling centers in dezful, iran, in 2021, and the research sample included 45 eligible individuals selected using purposive sampling. the patients were randomly assigned to two intervention groups and one control group (n = 15 per group). the participants in the first and second intervention groups attended eleven 90-minute sessions of est and dbt, respectively. however, those in the control group were placed on the waiting list. the research instruments included the kessler psychological distress scale (k10) and the cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale. the data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ancova) and bonferroni post hoc test in spss software (version 26). results: according to the results, there was a significant reduction in levels of psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance among the participants of the est and dbt groups, compared to those in the control group (p < 0.001). conclusions: emotional schema therapy and dialectical behavior therapy reduced psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with bd-ii. therefore, therapists and health professionals can use est and dbt interventions, along with other effective therapeutic approaches, to reduce psychological distress and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with bd-ii.