بررسی تطبیقی اصول داوری تجاری بین المللی با تاکید بر حمایت از سرمایه گذاری خارجی

امروزه بی‌تردید شایع‌ترین شیوه حل‌وفصل اختلافات ناشی از سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در تجارت بین‌الملل، داوری است. درج شرط داوری در قراردادهای سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی درواقع نوعی تضمین برای حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاری به‌شمار می‌رود. براین‌اساس داوری و به‌ویژه قوانین و اصول داوری تجاری بین‌المللی مناسب، نو و پیش‌رو در همه کشورها بدون استثنا می‌تواند نقش به‌سزایی در حمایت و نهایتاً افزایش سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی داشته باشد و این خود دلیلی بر اهمیت و ضرورت قوانین داوری تجاری بین‌المللی از جمله در نظام حقوقی ایران است. در این پژوهش درصدد بوده تا ضمن بررسی تحلیلی و مقایسه‌ای، تاثیر اصول داوری تجاری بین‌المللی را برای جذب حداکثری سرمایه‌گذاری بررسی شود. بدون شک با تکیه بر سه اصل اساسی داوری تجاری بین‌المللی یعنی اصل محدودیت مداخله دادگاه‌ها، اصل استقلال‌ و بی‌طرفی داور و اصل عدم مصونیت دولت، نگرانی و هراس سرمایه‌گذاران خارجی از ناحیه اِعمال قوانین ناعادلانه یک کشور بیگانه کاهش یافته و برای طرفین سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، دادرسی منصفانه‌ای به ارمغان می‌آید. براین‌اساس ضمن بررسی نظری سه ‌اصل مذکور، به رویکرد نظام‌های حقوقی در قبال اِعمال این اصول در راستای حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی پرداخته می‌شود.

a comparative study of the principles of international commercial arbitration with an emphasis on the protection of foreign investment

introduction the growing trend of commercial and economic exchanges, especially investment at the international level and the resulting contracts, causes an increase in disputes and may lead to a feeling of insecurity in foreign investors. in other words, it should be said that in order to attract and support foreign investments, governments are obliged to respect all the rights of investors, including creating appropriate ways to settle claims arising from foreign investments. foreign investors are less willing to go to the courts of the host country during the settlement of disputes arising from their business relations, due to the length of the proceedings, the lack of expertise of thecourts and the high costs of proceedings in international disputes. in the meantime, arbitration as one of the methods of settling claims by the parties or agents of international trade is of particular importance. in fact, arbitration is used as a binding, fast and protected method from the political influence of governments as the dominant mechanism for resolving disputes between foreign investors and the government. for many years, theglobal trend has been towards international arbitration authorities to settle disputes impartially and away from the prejudices of domestic courts. the inclusion of an arbitration clause in bilateral or multilateral treaties is considered as a kind of guarantee for the protection of foreign investment and they raise protections beyond what is stated in the national laws of the host country. in this research, regardless of the general benefits of arbitration,we focus on the principles of commercial arbitration effective on foreign investment. because referring to arbitration due to its inherent principles, especially limited intervention of courts, independence and impartiality of the arbitrator and lack of immunity of governments, arbitration is more preferred by the general commercial activists in the domestic and international arena. the principle of independence and impartiality ofarbitrators is extremely important in international arbitration. the existence of the mentioned principle in the regulations and its observance by the arbitrators brings the judicial nature of arbitration closer to justice and makes it necessary for the arbitration award to be issued fairly and not face any problems during execution. just as the judge of the state court should be independent and impartial, so should the arbitrator. therefore, the arbitrator chosen by the parties should not be considered their lawyer. in the international commercial arbitration regulationsof the legal systems, the principle of independence and impartiality of the arbitrator has been emphasized a lot.