امکان سنجی پذیرش تحلیل مشارکت در نقض علامت تجاری در حقوق ایران و آمریکا از منظر تحلیل اقتصادی

در حقوق آمریکا، نقض علامت تجاری به دو طریق واقع می‌شود؛ مستقیم و غیر‌مستقیم. در نقض غیر‌مستقیم، شخص بدون ارتکاب عملی که مشمول نقض علامت تجاری شود، رفتاری را انجام می‌دهد یا در وضعیتی قرار می‌گیرد که حسب مورد، مسبب نقض مشارکتی (و انگیزشی) یا نیابتی می‌گردد. علامت تجاری، جزو نوآوری‌های غیر‌فناورانه است و توسعه‌ی حمایت از آن به طور مستقیم به افزایش میزان بهره‌وری اقتصادی منتهی نمی‌گردد. افزایش حمایت از علائم تجاری در قالب توسعه ی مسئولیت ناشی از نقض آن، در صورتی مطلوب است که نوآوری فناورانه در وضعیت بهینه‌ای قرار داشته باشد.  با عنایت به وضعیت مطلوب  نوآوری فناورانه در آمریکا، شناسایی چنین نهادی موجه به نظر می‌رسد. در مقابل، در نظام حقوقی ایران، مسئولیت غیر‌مستقیم ناشی از نقض علامت تجاری پیش‌بینی نشده و مصادیق مختلف این نوع نقض، مشمول مقررات عام مسئولیت مدنی بوده که این امر با عنایت به وضعیت کمتر مطلوب نوآوری فناورانه در ایران از وجه منطقی برخوردار است. هدف از تحقیق حاضر، با استفاده از روش توصیفی تحلیلی و تحلیل اقتصادی شامل اثباتی و هنجاری، بررسی مسئولیت نقض غیر‌مستقیم علامت تجاری از منظر آثار آن در حوزه‌ی فناوری است. وضعیت آمریکا به لحاظ فناوری، شناسایی و اعمال چنین مسئولیتی را با توجه به ارکان آن، موجه جلوه می‌کند اما با عنایت به وضعیت نوآوری فناورانه در ایران و با لحاظ جمیع شرایط از جمله، مقررات بین‌المللی، وضعیت سیاسی اقتصادی ایران در عرصه‌ی بین‌المللی، عدم شناسایی نهاد مسئولیت غیر‌مستقیم ناشی از نقض علامت تجاری و اتکا به مقرات عمومی مسئولیت مدنی در این زمنیه، توجیه شده و توصیه می‌گردد.

Feasibility of the accepting the analysis of participation in trademark infringement in Iranian and US law from the perspective of economic analysis

1 Introduction Indirect liability in US, is creation of US case law and plays an important role in the functioning of the trademark system, in order not to mislead the consumer and reduce his search costs, as well as expanded protection of trademark rights. Given the US tradeeconomic and technological situation, this practice seems justified, which can well guarantee the US commercial and economic interests, not only in the domestic system, but also in the international trade. Innovation is the foundation of sustainable economic development in the age of knowledgebased economy and technological innovation, play a major role. However, the role of nontechnological innovation, including trademarks, in economic growth and development has been considered. However, this role is still secondary and complementary, and it is technological innovation that Determines the  power of competitiveness of companies and governments in domestic and international trade. The us is a country that has a privileged position in the world in terms of trade and economy, and this privileged position, without a doubt, depends on its position in the field of technological innovation. Technological innovation has boosted the country’s export growth and, consequently, its economic growth by improving its competitiveness. Obviously, in such a situation, strengthening the nontechnological innovation system will strengthen the position of technology and will be very effective in protecting the rights of technology owners. With this analysis, regardless of the legal basis of indirect liability for trademark infringement, the recognition of such liability is in line with the US tradeeconomic and technological situation and can better guarantee and protect its benefits in international trade relations. In contrast, Iranian economic and social system is less desirable than the US  in terms of technological innovation. Therefore, the identification of such an institution is not recommended in it and it seems that at least based on the situation of innovation production in Iran and exports in this field, not identifying a similar institution has a logical aspect. On the other hand, the common cases  of indirect liability arising from participation in trademark infringement in Iranian law, are subject to the rules governing the determining the liable person under the rule of the combination causes in loss. The application of these rules, such as the rule of liability that takes precedence over the effect, entails the permanent liability of the direct infringer, because  at first, his act is effective in infringing the trademark.   2 Theoretical frame work Participation in trademark infringement, is the facilitation or encouragement of trademark infringement without committing the actus reus  of trademark infringement. Sometimes, this partnership is proven by not supervising the direct infringing act, in addition to gaining financial benefit from the infringement of the mark, the latter type is called vicarous infringement and the first case is called contributory infringement. Identifying this type of liability expand trademark rights. In terms of economic analysis, broader brand protection leads to productivity if technology is at a high level , because consumers become loyal to highertech brands. The relationship between a sense of loyalty to the brand and the technology of the products, makes the rules of indirect trademark infringement in the US described as favorable, and in contrast, due to the low technology of Iranian products in the market compared to US products, lack of explicit identification of Trademark infringement in Iran, seems optimal.   3 Methodology Research data were collected using the library method. Physical and ebooks and articles are the main sources of data for this research. After collecting data in this way, the present study, with an analyticaldescriptive method, first examines Concepts about participation in trademark infringement, such as contributory and vicarious infringement, are examined. Then, the principles and foundations of each of these two types of infringement in the US legal system are explained, and then the issue is examined from the perspective of economic analysis. Finally, the legal and economic situation of Iran in relation to the issue of participation in trademark infringement is analyzed.   4 Results Discussion cases and principles of contributory and vicarious infringement in US are consistent with the business, economic, and technological situation in this country; Technological innovation is in a favorable situation, and for this reason, in accordance with such a situation, the elements ofcontributory and vicarious infringement, have been defined. There is no similar theory in Iranian law and considering the commercial, economic and technological situation in Iran, identifying a similar theory is not recommended. 5 Conclusions Suggestions The degree of technological development of countries and their political, commercial and economic conditions, especially at the level of international interactions, play a pivotal role in determining the legal policies of countries. Legal regulations are a tool at the disposal of countries to use them to pursue their goals. Accordingly, just as a single intellectual property rights framework is not appropriate for all aspects of this legal system, a single framework cannot be the criterion for action by all countries. The institution of indirect trademark liability has two different outcomes and functions in the two legal and economic systems of Iran and the US; In the US, due to the high level of technological innovation and its superior competitiveness domestically, it leads to the development of legitimate trade competition, and at the level of international interactions, it will increase the country’s economic growth through the development of technological innovations. Conversely, recognizing this in Iran will reduce new businesses and legitimate activities domestically, and in the international arena will lead to currency outflows and difficulty in technological innovation  due to the transfer of liability risk to legitimate commercial activities and the imposition of foreign trademark management costs on domestic industries.Therefore, the lack of identification of the institution of indirect trademark infringement in Iran and reliance on the general rules of civil liability in this regard, is considered sufficient and especially in the context of scientific and technological sanctions on Iran, it seems more desirable.