the physics of nanobubbles

The interesting subject of gas nanobubbles has attracted great attention of many scientists due to their extraordinary and mysterious properties. nanobubbles are a scientific challenge due to their special properties such as very small size, very large surface-to-volume ratio, high internal pressure, rapid adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces, and long-term stability on a time scale. due to these unique properties, diverse applications of nanobubbles have been developed in many fields of science and technology such as chemical, biological, materials, and medical industries. despite theoretical considerations that predict that spherical gas bubbles cannot reach stable equilibrium, various experiments demonstrate the existence of stable nanobubbles which can be survived during several hours or even days. can it be proven that nanobubbles exist and, if so, how can they survive? given the importance and variety of applications of nanobubbles, it is essential to review recent advances in nanobubbles and their stability mechanisms. this article summarizes the latest scientific studies on the properties of nanobubbles. we believe that the results of this study will help researchers to understand nanobubbles better and more deeply and pave the way for future studies by researchers.