green-synthesized graphene based tio₂ nanocomposite with high photocatalytic efficiency for water purification

In this study, a walnut shell-derived graphene based tio₂ nanocomposite was successfully synthesized and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of reactive red 198 dye in aqueous solutions. the nanocomposite was characterized using x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), confirming its crystalline structure, high surface area, and effective functionalization. the effects of catalyst dose, h₂o₂ concentration, reaction time, and initial ph on dye removal efficiency were systematically investigated using response surface methodology (rsm). the results indicated that the optimal conditions acidic ph, higher catalyst dosage, sufficient h₂o₂ concentration, and prolonged reaction time achieved the maximum dye removal efficiency of 83%. numerical optimization and rsm modeling provided reliable predictions of process performance, demonstrating the potential of this green, biomass-derived nanocomposite as an efficient and sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.numerical optimization and rsm modeling provided reliable predictions of process performance, demonstrating the potential of this green, biomass-derived nanocomposite as an efficient and sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.