کیفیت فرهنگ های دوزبانه انگلیسی به فارسی و فارسی به انگلیسی از دیدگاه مترجمان، مدرسان و زبان آموزان ایرانی

با توجه به اهمیت فرهنگن گاری دوزبانه ونیز فقدان تحقیقات میدانی در زمینه دیدگاه استفاده کنندگان از فرهنگ های دوزبانه، مطالعه آمیخته  حاضر به بررسی دیدگاه های مترجمان، مدرسان، و زبان آموزان ایرانی نسبت به کیفیت فرهنگ های مکتوب و برون‌خط/برخط دوزبانه انگلیسی به فارسی و فارسی به-انگلیسی پرداخته است. مطالعه آمیخته حاضر در چند گام اصلی انجام شد. نخست، پرسشنامه لیکرت با 30 سوال پنج گزینه‌ای و پنج سوال تشریحی که محقیقن آن را طراحی و اعتبارسنجی کرده بودند، توسط 34 مترجم، 86 استاد دانشگاه که مدرس دروس مقاطع کارشناسی، کارشناسی ارشد و دکترای رشته مطالعات ترجمه بودند و 254 دانشجوی رشته کارشناسی مطالعات ترجمه، تکمیل شد. در گام دوم، به صورت تصادفی با 10 درصد از مشارکت‌کنندگان در بخش کمی مطالعه از طریق مراجعه حضوری، تماس تلفنی، و یا از طریق شبکه های مجازی اجتماعی مصاحبه به عمل آمد. در گام آخر، بحث های گروه کانونی با برخی دانشجویان مطالعات ترجمه صورت گرفت. تجزیه وتحلیل مشترک داده های کمی و کیفی روشن ساخت که مشارکت‌کنندگان دیدگاه منفی نسبت به کیفیت فرهنگ‌های فارسی به انگلیسی داشتند و علی رغم بهتردانستن کیفیت فرهنگهای انگلیسی به فارسی نواقصی نظیر پوشش کم واژگان چند کلمه‌ای، اصلاحات، کلمات هم نشین، انشقاق های آنها، کمبود مثال های مفید و بروزنبودن معال ها را برای آنها برشمردند. همچنین، مشارکت کنندگان معتقدبودند که کیفیت فرهنگهای دوزبانه مکتوب به مراتب از فرهنگهای برون‌خط و برخط بهتر است. آزمون غیرپارامتری کروسکال-والیس نشان داد که تفاوت معناداری بین دیدگاه‌های مدرسان، مترجمان، و زبان آموزان نسبت به کیفیت فرهنگ های دوزبانه انگلیسی-فارسی وبالعکس وجودنداشت. فرهنگ نگاران می توانند از نتایج این مطالعه در تهیه وتدوین فرهنگ های دو زبانه انگلیسی به فارسی و بالعکس بهره ببرند.

an investigation of the quality of bilingual english-persian and persian-english dictionaries: the attitudes of the iranian translators, instructors, and students

due the importance of the lexicography and the scarcity of empirical research on the attitudes of the bilingual dictionary users, the current mixed-methods research attempted to investigate iranian efl learners, teachers, and translators’ attitudes toward the equality of the online and off-line bilingual english-persian dictionaries. in doing so, first, a five-point linkert scale questionnaire including 30 multiple-choice and five open-ended items that was developed and validated by the researches, was filled out by 34 translators, 86 university professors who taught translation courses at ba, ma, and ph.d. levels, and 254 english translation studies students. then, 10% of the participants were orally interviewed. finally, focus group discussions (fgds) were carried out with translation students. participants mentioned negative attitudes toward the use of the current bilingual persian-english dictionaries and they mentioned problems such as inadequate equivalents, inappropriate translations, obsolete use of persian words, absence of all meanings and so forth. they mentioned that printed dictionaries were better than off-line and online ones. kruskal-wallis test showed no significant differences among the attitudes of the three groups of the participants. the findings of this study can help iranian lexicographers develop better printed, offline, and online bilingual english-persian dictionaries.1. introductionthe important position of english language as the most commonly used international language that is the first language of the united nations and the mostly learned language of the world, has prompted its inclusion in the iranian educational system from high school to university. moreover, the translation from english language into persian and vice versa has been very important at least from two centuries ago because of the extensive relationships between iran and the english word (safavi, 2015). many attempts have been made to develop bilingual english-persian dictionaries specifically over the past 100 years and some successful dictionaries have been compiled in iran for this purpose (lotfipour saedi, 2013). currently, many printed hardcover bilingual dictionaries and a dozen more off-line and online e-dictionaries are used by iranian language learners, instructors, and translators. despite all the attempts in lexicography in the iranian context for developing better bilingual english-persian dictionaries and despite many theoretical strengths claimed for such dictionaries, very few empirical studies have been done to date to investigate the effectiveness and comprehensive of the hardcover and e-dictionaries from the perspective of the real users. accordingly, the present study sought to investigate iranian efl learners, teachers, and translators’ attitudes toward the quality of the available online and off-line bilingual english-persian dictionaries using a mixed-methods research design. specifically, the current study was launched to answer the two following research questions.research questions:what are the attitudes of iranian language learners, professors, and translators toward the quality of bilingual english persian dictionaries? what are the most important features of a good dictionary? and what are the most useful hardcover, off-line, and online bilingual english-persian dictionaries?are there any significant differences between the attitudes of iranian language learners, professors, and translators toward the quality of bilingual offline and online english-persian dictionaries?2. literature reviewelexicography has always been a very crucial practice for the communication among world languages specifically after the 18th century when trade, travel, and socio-political relationships among nations exponentially increased (atkins, 1991). lexicographers claimed that a good quality dictionary should possess some specific characteristics the first of which is the number of the words a bilingual dictionary includes (hartmann et al., 2012; nelson, 2020). the quantity or the number of the words a dictionary covers is still the most important element in its success. the inclusion of various meanings of the target words with regard to their different parts of speech and derivative forms also are remarkably important. however, deciding about the sequence of the meanings of the words was a difficult task for the early lexicographers although the new technologies and corpora can help the current lexicographers in better ways compared with their earlier counterparts. researchers also claimed that the equivalents for various parts of speech are also important yardsticks for the quality of a dictionary (bergenholtz & agerbo, 2015). moreover, according to lexicographers, a comprehensive and successful dictionary should also provide the most important collocations, multiword expressions, and idioms of the target language with very effective l1 equivalents (e.g. cowie, 2009; fuertes-olivera, 2016; ghanei fard, 2005). providing the dictionary users with correct l1 equivalents is the biggest challenge in developing any bilingual dictionary. hartmann (2001) said that, the appropriateness of the l1 equivalents seems to be the most important foundation for an effective dictionary. of course, providing appropriate equivalents for all single words, multiword expressions, idiomatic expressions, and proverbs is a daunting task which requires extensive and assiduous work, cost, and time. rundell (2012) mentioned that he appropriate equivalents can be singled out as the best the rosetta stone for judging the quality of bilingual dictionary. dictionaries should also provide correct orthography and pronunciation for all the entries. accordingly, dictionaries cannot represent all the dialects and accents of the same language and therefore they should limit their pronunciation to more standard dialects and accents. lexicographers have also stated that bilingual dictionaries can and should provide very short examples for some of the most important words and wherever it is possible they should also include pictures, maps, charts, and visual and schematic representations to help the users get the appropriate meanings (durkin, 2016).  bilingual dictionaries should also provide users with the required information about the degree of formality and informality, the slang or colloquial usage, the ordinary or literary use, the archaic or current use of the words, and some information about the grammatical behaviour of the words. using reader-friendly phonetic symbols to show the correct pronunciation is also of utmost importance from the point of lexicographers all over the world (e.g. cowie, 2009; hartmann et al., 2012; jackson, 2013).