کاربست معناشناسی تاریخی در تحلیل معنای شیطان و ابلیس در قرآن کریم و نقد آرای لغت‌شناسان کلاسیک

دو مفهوم شیطان/ابلیس از مهم‌ترین مفاهیم قرآنی به‌شمار می‌آیند و نقشی مهم در نظام هدایت/ اضلال ایفا می‌کنند؛ نظامی که می‌توان آن را هدف اصلی از ارسال پیامبران و نزول قرآن دانست. ارائۀ مفهومی ناصحیح یا غیردقیق می‌تواند درک ناصحیحی از عملکرد و نقش شیطان/ ابلیس در این نظام به دنبال داشته باشد. این پژوهش تلاش می‌کند با بهره‌گیری از ریشه‌شناسی به‌منزلۀ شاخه‌ای از زبان‌شناسی تاریخی و توجه به بافت زبانی قرآن، تبیین دقیقی از این دو مفهوم ارائه و آراء لغت‌شناسان کلاسیک را بررسی کند. مشاهده شد واژۀ شیطان از میان دو مصدر پیشنهادی لغت‌شناسان به‌صورت شطن و شاط، از شطن به معنای دشمنی، رقابت و آشوب برگرفته از سحر مشتق شده ‌است، ولی لغت‌شناسان با وجود تاکید بر شطن به‌منزلۀ مصدر اشتقاق، بر معنای ریشۀ شط انحراف و کجی ‌ تاکید کرده‌ و تمرکز معنی را بر وضعیت خود شیطان از نظر هدایت‌یافته یا گمراه بودن قرار داده‌اند. باهم‌آیی واژگانی در معانی دشمنی، اختلاف‌افکنی، ایجاد مانع و جادو با این واژه در قرآن نتایج مطالعات ریشه‌شناسی را تایید می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد تمرکز معنا بر تاثیر شیطان بر هدایت یا گمراهی بشر است و نه وضعیت خود او. درمورد واژۀ ابلیس لغت‌شناسان دو نظریۀ اشتقاق از مادۀ بلس به معنای ناامیدی و وام‌واژگی در معنای مخلوط و مفتش را بیان کرده‌اند. بررسی‌ها وام‌واژگی را به شکلی متفاوت تایید می‌کند؛ ابلیس نه مرتبط با معانی مخلوط و مفتش بلکه واژه‌ای یونانی در معنای اصلی دروغ‌گو و اسم خاص برای یکی از افراد شیطان است.

Applying Historical Semantics in Analyzing the Meaning of Sheitan and Iblis in Qur'an and Criticizing the Viewpoints of Classical lexicographers

The two concepts satan/Iblis are considered as the most important concepts in the Qur rsquo;an, as they have a major role in the system of guidance/misguidnce which is the main purpose of sending prophets and revealing the Qur #39;an. Providing an incorrect understanding can lead to a misunderstanding of the function of Satan in this system. This study tries to use the etymology by paying attention to the linguistic context of the Qur #39;an, to provide a clearer explanation of these two concepts and to examine the views of the lexicographers. It observed that the word Sheitan derived from ŝtn that means enemy, competition hellip; coming from magic. However, despite emphasizing ŝtn as the source of Sheitan , the lexicographers have emphasized the meaning of the root ŝt deviate and turn aside and have placed the focus of meaning on Satan #39;s own condition in being misguided. The combination of words in the meanings of enmity, discord, obstruction and magic with this word in the Qur #39;an confirms the results of etymological studies and shows that the focus of the meaning is on the effect of Satan on human misguidance and not his own condition. Regarding the word Iblis, the lexicographers have expressed two theories of derivation from the bls meaning despair or loanword in the meaning of mixed and inspector. Studies show that Iblis does not related to the meanings of mixed and inspector, but is a Greek word in the original sense of a liar and a special name for one of the Satans. 1. IntroductionThe two concepts of Satan and Satan are among the central concepts in the system of guidance /misguidance, which is one of the most important semantic systems of the Qur #39;an. Therefore, it is very important to have a correct understanding of these concepts.Explaining these concepts has always been of interest to Arabic lexicographers from the classical Arabic period to the present. In addition to explaining the concepts of Iblis and Satan and expressing the relationship between these two concepts, they have tried to explain the role of Satan in misleading man. The difference in the explanation of these concepts starts from determining the root and source of their derivation and leads to the expression of different meanings for each of these words.The present article tries to determine the connection between the two concepts of Iblis and Satan by discovering the root and origin of the derivation of these two words and to achieve a meaning consistent with the system of guidance/misguidance in the Qur #39;an. Based on the Qur #39;an #39;s emphasis on Satan #39;s enmity with man and the purpose of the Qur #39;an, which is to guide human beings, the meaning of these two words seems to be focused on the influence of Satan on man #39;s misguidance. Contrary to the opinion of classical lexicologists who have considered the meaning of these two words only related to the situation of the Satan himself. 2. Literature ReviewClassical lexicographers have studied the meaning of the words Iblis and Satan like other Qur #39;anic words. However, a research background with a radiological approach in the tradition of Qur #39;anic studies found under the topic Foreign words in the Qur #39;an in which the influence of other languages on the Arabic language, the presence of nonArabic words in the Qur #39;an and the meaning and origin of these words are examined.ALJawaliqi (1942), as the author of the first independent work on foreign words in the Qur #39;an about the word Iblis , has suggested the possibility of being nonArabic, but has not mentioned the meaning and origin of this word. Ibn alJawzi (1987) also only said that the word Iblis is nonArabic. AlJawaliqi and Ibn AlJozi did not mention the word Satan. Others, while examining the origin of the derivation of some Qur #39;anic words, have also referred to the two words Iblis and Satan , such as AlAnisi (1932), AlMuḥibbī (1994), Belasi (2001) and Kamal Aldin (2008). The views of these lexicologists reviewed in this article.Husseini (2017) while researching the concept of Satan #39;s mass has studied this word in Hebrew and Syriac. Asgari (2010) in an independent study related to the word devil has not studied this word in Semitic and AfroAsiatic languages. Citing lexical opinions, poetic evidence, and preIslamic Arabic culture, he considered the word to be Arabic in the sense of a rope.The difference between this study and the above studies is that the two words Iblis and Satan studied in all branches of the Semitic language, as well as in AfroAsiatic and Nostratic. After obtaining the root, the source of derivation and the exact meanings of these two words, the use of these two words in the Qur #39;an also examined and the views of classical lexicographers criticized. 3. MethodologyFirst, a report on the meanings of these two words was presented in classical Arabic sources, after that the mentioned words were followed in ancient languages to obtain the main root, the origin of derivation and semantic changes of these concepts. After that, the results of etymology analyzed according to the Qur #39;anic uses of these words and their companions in the Qur #39;an.By studying the mentioned roots in Semitic, AfroAsiatic and Nostratic languages, the process of semantic changes and meanings in the main root of these words obtained, the possibility of being loan worn examined and the opinion of classical lexicologists reviewed and supplemented.4. ResultsIn all Semitic languages, the word Satan derived from the root ŝt̩n . Even in the Akkadian language, which is the oldest Semitic language, there is a consonant n in the root, and in all cases of useing this root without the consonant n does not indicate the connection of this root with the word Satan in Arabic.The main meaning of ŝt̩n is enmity, competition, war, obstruction, misleading and magic, which is not mentioned in classical lexical sources. The meaning of deviation from the right path, sin, bending, turning away, negligence, Neglect, etc., which is known in classical lexical sources as related to the root of ŝt̩n , is related to ŝt̩t̩ .The meaning of burning in Syriac language, which is not related to the concept of the Satan and the meaning of a snake or an ugly plant, also transferred from the culture to this word.Examining the Qur #39;anic applications of ŝt̩n and ŝt̩t̩ and studying the attributes and deeds such as enmity, Nazgh , Rijz , cursing, teaching of magic etc., attributed to Satan, confirms the results of etymological studies. It shows that the dominant view of the Qur #39;an on the function of Satan towards man and his place in the system of guidancemisguidance.Classical lexicographers have proposed two theories for the word Iblis , derived from the Arabic word bles meaning despair and being loan word in the meaning of mixed and inspected. Etymological studies show that Iblis is a Greek word that has changed into Arabic and has nothing to do with bls in Arabic. The meanings of mixed and inspecting, which considered by classical lexicographers, belong to Assyrian and Aramaic Targum. Iblis is a special name for a genie means liar. Who disobeyed God #39;s command and cursed. Then he became an enemy of human being and a barrier against them, and thus that genie and all those who had a similar act described as Satan / Satans