نویسندگان چندزبانه و زبان سوم: از ادبیات مهاجرت تا ادبیات نومد

این تحقیق به بررسی موردی نویسندگی به زبان سوم می پردازد و سه عنصر هویت فرامابینی، نوشتار انتزاعی و فراموشی را از ویژگی های برجستۀ آن برمی شمارد. از میان نویسندگان چندزبانه، برخی نویسندگان مهاجر به‌منظور رهایی خویش از بند محدودیت های دوگانۀ جغرافیایی و هویتی به کشوری سوم نقل‌مکان می‌کنند و به زبانی سوم می نویسند. این نویسندگان از عنوان ادبیات مهاجرت که تعریف‌کنندۀ هویت و محدودکنندۀ نوشتارشان است، به‌تنگ آمده اند و با نفی هویت پیشین و خاطرات گذشتۀ خود به هویت نومد نزدیک می شوند. اینان زبانی انتزاعی را برای نوشتارشان برمی گزینند که از طبقه بندی های اجتماعی و فرهنگی رهاست. نمونۀ بارز آنان نویسندۀ هندی آمریکایی جومپا لاهیری است که پس از کسب موفقیت و شهرت در وادی ادبیات مهاجرت در آمریکای شمالی، به‌قصد رهایی خویش از این هویت به کشوری سوم نقل‌مکان کرده است و به زبانی سوم می نویسد. این جستار با بررسی تجربۀ چندزبانی و چندفرهنگی لاهیری در اثرش، به‌عبارتی دیگر، درصدد است نشان دهد چگونه نویسندگی به زبان سوم می تواند نویسندۀ مهاجر را از بند خاطرات و هویت دوگانه رها سازد و او را به هویتی فرامابینی یا نومدی نزدیک سازد.

Plurilingual Writers and the Third Language: From Migrant to Nomadic Literature

This inquiry is a case study of lsquo;writing in a third language rsquo;. It highlights three elements of identity, abstraction and oblivion as its main features. Among plurilingual writers, there are some lsquo;migrant writers rsquo; that move to a third country and write in a third language in order to free themselves from the hybrid state that limits their identity and writing. They deny their dualistic cultural and social identity and write in an abstract language that gets them close to the state of becoming nomads. An illustrative example of this group is the IndianAmerican writer, Jhumpa Lahiri, who, after gaining success as a writer of migration literature in the United States, moved to Italy and wrote in Italian. Writing in a third language, Lahiri concerns herself no more with cultural and social matters, instead focuses on language as its main theme. Therefore, this essay by referring to the multilingual and multicultural experiences of Jhumpa Lahiri, demonstrates how writing in a third language can free the migrant writer from his/her memories and dualistic identity and gets him/her close to a nomadic identity. 1. IntroductionImmigration literature, often written in the language of the host country of its author, is concerned with themes such as cultural conflicts, exile, homelessness and nostalgia. It permits its author to create a hybrid and dualistic cultural, linguistic and social identity. However, several writers find it restrictive and in order to free themselves from the sociocultural conflicts that define their identity and writing, move to a third country and write in a third language. They try to forget the past and deny their former dual identity and opt for a plural and dynamic one. Oblivion of the past and adoption of a posthybrid identity gets them close to the state of becoming nomads.An illustrative example is Jhumpa Lahiri, an IndoAmerican writer who, after years of writing in English and winning literary awards for her immigration literature on the Indian diaspora in the United States, sought to free herself from the identity of an immigrant writer by moving to Italy and writing in Italian. The results of her writing in Italian are the books, In other words (2015) and Whereabouts (2018). By writing in a third language, that she had not yet mastered, Lahiri turned her attention to lsquo;language rsquo; as the main theme of her writings and created an abstract style that did not carry traces of any sociocultural backgrouond or conflict.Thus, in this article, adopting a comparative approach, the three elements of lsquo;posthybrid identity rsquo;, lsquo;abstract writing rsquo; and lsquo;oblivion rsquo; are considered as the main features that define nomadic literature and differentiate it from immigration literature. It demonstrates how these features can free the author from a hybrid identity and the conflict between two languages and cultures.Research Questions1. What are the major differences between immigration and nomadic literature?2. How the features of nomadic writing can free its author from the hybrid identity of the immigrant writer? 2. Literature Review2.1. Multilingual WritersMultilingual writers such as Vladimir Nabokov, Andrei Makine, Samuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde, Amelia Rosselli and Toni Maraini, by expressing themselves in several languages, free their writings from the cultural limitations of a single language (Kellman, 2003: ix).Steven Kellman, in his books, The Translingual Imagination (2000) and Switching Languages ​​(2003), provides a comprehensive study of multilingual authors. For Kellman, their writings, like Esperanto, liberate the author from sociocultural conflicts (Kellman, 2003: ix). 2.2. Immigrant WritersImmigrant writers, who belong to the category of multilingual writers, always combine the linguistic, cultural and social characteristics of their homeland and those of the host country in their writings and thus create a new dual identity. Immigration literature creates an intercultural space that allows the author to express his/her cultural, linguistic and geographical memories in contact with another language, culture and geography (Seyhan, 2000: 1515). In fact, immigration literature is a change of identity, an experience between oneself and the other to create a new and ambiguous identity (Blair, 2004: 480).Although immigration literature is a crossroad of cultures and languages ​​and allows the author to form a new and dual identity, many writers find it restrictive. 2.3. Nomad WritersThe concept of nomadic thought and style was firstly introduced by the French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari in the late twentieth century, and then the Italian philosopher Rosi Braidotti expanded it. Braidotti argues that the nomadic lifestyle is associated with displacement, but this movement does not regard any homeland or any predetermined destination. In fact, physical movement does not define the nomad, but rather it is the mental and behavioral transformation that defines it (Braidotti, 2011, p. 60). The nomad undergoes a constant change and evolution in order to escape any fixed and defined identity (Braidotti, 2011, pp. 45, 5758). The nomad has a posthybrid identity free from cultural and national constraints. 3. MethodologyLahiri #39;s works in English and Italian are not only thematically different, but their main difference is markedly linguistic. Thus, this research highlights the main features of nomadic writing in Lahiri #39;s works in order to provide a clearer definition of nomadic literature.It, firstly, examines the issue of identity and shows how Lahiri seeks refuge in oblivion in order to free herself from the identity of an immigrant writer. For this, she moves to a third country and writes in a third language. In this manner, she gets closer to a nomadic identity.Then, it examines the linguistic poetics of Lahiri #39;s writings in Italian and demonstrates how the use of an abstract language, or in Lahiri #39;s own words, a ldquo;linguistic autobiography rdquo; frees her from cultural conflicts and gives her the necessary freedom to express her true self. 4. ResultsWriting in a third language is associated with the negation of the language, culture and memories of the past. It is a posthybrid identity free from cultural and national constraints. It gives the writer the necessary freedom to write regardless of boundaries surrounding him/her.Lahiri #39;s writings in English symbolize her dual identity between two cultures and languages. From this dual space, she takes refuge into a third language. By moving to Italy and writing in Italian, Lahiri creates a new ideological or nomadic space that allows her to overcome the existing and stable principles and create a new identity in constant change (Bostrom, 2009: 201).