تحلیل گفتمان «خودی» و «دیگری» در روزهای اهریمنی ایوان بونین

روزهای اهریمنی ایوان بونین که حوادث دوره پس از انقلاب اکتبر روسیه در سال‌های 1918 و 1919 را دربرمی‌گیرد، دارای ویژگی‌های ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ادبی، سیاسی، تاریخی، اجتماعی، جنایی، انتقادی و استنادی است و در قالب یادداشت‌های روزانه نوشته شده است. عناصر زبانی در روزهای اهریمنی از شرح‌حال نویسنده یعنی راوی، به‌منزلۀ وقایع‌نگار، منتقد و توصیف‌گر رویدادها و ارتباطش با اقشار گوناگون مردم روسیه در دوره جنگ داخلی، سخن می‌گوید. از نظر نویسنده، انقلاب اکتبر به نابودی فرهنگ و به‌کارگیری واژه‌ها و عبارات ناهنجار در زبان روسی منجر شده است. بونین برای توصیف این دوره، از واژگان »اهریمنی، لعنتی و نفرین‌شده « و برای رهبر بلشویک‌ها القابی چون »حیوان « استفاده کرده است. در مقاله علاوه‌بر بررسی روند و تاریخچه چاپ روزهای اهریمنی و ژانر (نوع) آن، به نظرات نویسنده، منتقدان و صاحب‌نظران نیز درباره اثر و حوادث این سال‌ها و نتایج منفی انقلاب اکتبر در زبان و ادبیات روسی پرداخته می‌شود. بونین معتقد است انقلاب اکتبر سبب افول اخلاق مردم، زبان و ادبیات روسی و ناهنجاری‌های فرهنگی اجتماعی شده است. از نظر او، بلشویک‌ها صدمات جبران‌ناپذیری به زبان روسی که نویسندگانی چون الکساندر پوشکین و لف تالستوی را تحویل جامعه داده بود، وارد کرده‌اند. علاوه‌بر آن در مقاله به گرایش برخی از نویسندگان (گورکی، بلوک، بریوسف، مایاکوفسکی) به انقلاب اکتبر که از نظر بونین عامل اصلی به‌کارگیری زبان و ادبیات هنجارشکن در این دوره هستند، اشاره می‌شود. بر همین اساس واژگان و عبارات را در اثر می‌توان به »خودی « (غیرانقلابی) و »دیگری « (انقلابی) تفکیک کرد. با بررسی روزهای اهریمنی به این نتیجه می‌رسیم که واژگان در زبان »خودی « مظهر معنویت، شفافیت، آرامش و نظم است، ولی در زبان »دیگری «، دارای ترکیب‌های معنایی منفی؛ مانند انحلال، فروپاشی، انحطاط، تخریب، قانون‌شکنی، تاریکی، مرگ، غیرانسانی، دروغ، مسخرگی، حماقت و غیره هستند و جایگاه نخست را در زبان انقلاب به‌خود اختصاص می‌دهند.

Analyzing Discursive Components of Ivan Bunin's Cursed Days: Insider and Outlander

Ivan Buninchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s Cursed Days , which covers the events following Russian October Revolution at 1918 and 1919, features different discourses such as literary, political, historical, social, criminal, critical, and citation, and has been written as a diary compilation. Linguistic elements of Cursed Days reflect the biography of the author, the narrator of the book, as a chronicler, critic, and descriptor of the events and interpersonal relationships that he had with various strata of the Russian people throughout the Civil War. Bunin believes that the October Revolution had led to the destruction of culture and the use of abnormal words and phrases in the Russian language. Bunin describes the period using terms devilish, damn, and cursed, and addresses the Bolsheviks leader as animal . The present study, in addition to reviewing the procedure and date of Cursed Days publication and its genre, discusses the comments from Bunin, critics and experts regarding the book, the events following the October Revolution and its negative aftermath on the Russian language and literature. Bunin believes that the October Revolution caused the deterioration of people rsquo;s morals, language and literature, and resulted in the sociocultural abnormalities. Bunin considers the Bolsheviks sabotages as irreparable damages to the Russian language that had delivered writers such as Alexander Pushkin and Leo Tolstoy to the society. Ivan Buninchr('39')s Cursed Days , which covers the events following Russian October Revolution at 1918 and 1919, features different discourses such as literary, political, historical, social, criminal, critical, and citation, and has been written as a diary compilation. Linguistic elements of Cursed Days reflect the biography of the author, the narrator of the book, as a chronicler, critic, and descriptor of the events and interpersonal relationships that he had with various strata of the Russian people throughout the Civil War. Bunin believes that the October Revolution had led to the destruction of culture and the use of abnormal words and phrases in the Russian language. The dominant discourse, main melody, and the words of the work are tedious. Bunin has described the period through the terms of devilish, damn, and cursed, and addressed the Bolsheviks leader as animal . In addition to reviewing the procedure and date of Cursed Days publication and its genre, the present study discusses the comments of author, critics and experts regarding the book, the events following the October Revolution, and its negative consequences on the Russian language and literature. Bunin believes that the October Revolution caused the deterioration of people rsquo;s morals, Russian language and literature, and resulted in the sociocultural abnormalities. The authors believe that the period following the October Revolution is a period of excitements, and people scuffle with each other for a simple argument. This situation is observed throughout the Russia. Extensive changes in the mood of people and the use of incomprehensible and offensive words are the dominant features of this period. That is why the authors address the Bolsheviks leader with extremely negative titles such as ldquo;worthless rdquo;, ldquo;swindler rdquo;, and ldquo;animal rdquo;. Bunin considers the Bolsheviks sabotages as irreparable damages to the Russian language that had delivered writers such as Alexander Pushkin and Leo Tolstoy to the society. Moreover, the present study points to the tendency of some writers (e.g., Gorky, Blok, Bryusov, Mayakovsky) towards the October Revolution, which Bunin perceives it to be the predominant factor of employing normbreaking language and literature in this period. Intellectual writers who became trueblue leftist and degenerated the Russian language. Untalented and treacherous writers who exaggerated in praising themselves and considered themselves as genius. Bunin considers the language of newspapers and literature following the October Revolution as street talk. He also calls the publications following the October Revolution yellow press. Publications that are full of jargon, and warning, threatening, intimidating and boring expressions. Accordingly, words and phrases in the work can be categorized as Insider (nonrevolutionary) and Outlander (revolutionary). According to the authors, the ldquo;Insider rdquo; language which adheres to moral principles is high language, but the ldquo;Outlander rdquo; language which is full of jargon and normbreaking words is low language. Due to the appearance of the work, the authors have employed descriptive elements and various strata to show the decline of the Russian language. Among these elements, one can refer to the confrontation of different strata of society, nature, past and present events and conditions, revolutionaries and opponents of the revolution. The authors have unpleasant feelings regarding the fatal disease that the Russian nation is suffering from. With the advent of the revolution, this disease has become epidemic and caused a decline in the spirituality and language of the people. Exploring Cursed Days , we conclude that words in the Insider language are a manifestation of spirituality, transparency, peace, and order. On the other hand, words in the Outlander language have negative semantic combinations such as dissolution, deterioration, degradation, destruction, violation, darkness, death, inhumanity, dishonesty, ridicule, and stupidity which encompass the majority of the revolution language.