تحلیل آماری از استعاره های مفهومی علیت در بخش الهیات کتاب شفای ابن سینا

اصل علیت جایگاه ویژه و مهمی در فلسفه بویژه فلسفه سنتی دارد. پژوهش حاضر به این پرسش اساسی می پردازد که آیا توصیف روابط علّی در فلسفه اسلامی را می توان در چارچوب نظریه استعاره های مفهومی توجیه و تبیین نمود. این پژوهش بر روی بخش الهیات کتاب الشفاء صورت گرفته است. کتاب الشفاء یکی از مهمترین آثار ابن سینا است. بخش الهیات یا متافیزیک این کتاب را باید مهمترین اثر فلسفی ابن سینا دانست. جهت پاسخ به پرسش اساسی این تحقیق، استعاره های مفهومی علیت در الهیات الشفاء شناسایی و معرفی می گردند. ابن سینا از واژگان گوناگون و متعددی جهت توصیف رابطه علیت بهره برده است. با استخراج و دسته بندی واژگان مذکور، استعاره های مفهومی متعددی جهت توصیف علیت در الهیات الشفاء شناسایی می شوند. در پژوهش حاضر همچنین کوشش می شود که نقش و اهمیت هر یک از استعارهای مفهومی مذکور در کتاب الهیات الشفاء بواسطه روش آماری و استخراج فراوانی بکارگیری استعاره های فوق مشخص گردد. استخراج داده ها با شمارش واژگان مرتبط به حوزه مبدا استعاره های مفهومی مذکور صورت می گیرد.استعارهای مفهومی مرتبط با علیت در کتاب مذکور را می توان به دو بخش بزرگ تقسیم کرد: استعاره های مبتنی بر استعاره پایه »علت نیروی فیزیکی است « و استعاره های مبتنی بر علیت طبیعی. با استخراج فراوانی هر یک از استعاره های فوق مشخص می شود که به طرز معناداری استعاره های مبتنی بر علیت طبیعی دارای فراوانی بیشتری در الهیات الشفاء هستند.

Statistical Analysis of the Conceptual Metaphors of the Causation in Theology Section of Ibn Sina’ Al-Shifa (Healing)

The causation has a special and important role in the philosophy, especially traditional philosophy. Main question in this study is whether the description of causal relations in Islamic philosophy can be justified and explained in the framework of the theory of conceptual metaphor. The study is focused on theology section of AlShifa (Healing) written by Ibn Sina. The book of AlShifa (Healing) is one of the most important works of Ibn Sina. The theology section of this book should be considered as the most important philosophical work of Ibn Sina. To answer the question, conceptual metaphors of causation in this book are identified. Ibn Sina uses many different words to describe the causal relations. By extracting and categorization of those words, several conceptual metaphors about causation are found. In this study, the role and importance of every one of these conceptual metaphors is determined by statistical method. The statistical data is extracted by counting words related to source domain of conceptual metaphors. Conceptual metaphors related to causation in the book can be divided into two major categories: metaphors based on the primary metaphor of ldquo;Cause Is Physical Force and metaphors based on natural causation. By extracting the abundance of each of the two categories, it becomes clear that the metaphors based on natural causation have a greater frequency than another in the theology of AlShifa( Healing)1. IntroductionIn the theory of conceptual metaphors, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson claim that understanding of abstract concepts is made possible by understanding of less abstract concepts. Causation is one of important abstract concepts in traditional philosophy. Ibn Sina is one of the greatest Muslim philosophers and AlShifa is his most important philosophical book. The AlShifa includes the sections of logic, physics and theology. This research focuses on the theology section of this book. This study is about following basic questions by focusing theology section of Ibn sina rsquo; AlShifa :A) Can Ibn Sinachr('39')s understanding and description of the causal relationship be explained in the framework of the theory of conceptual metaphors?The hypothesis of this study is that Ibn Sinachr('39')s understanding of causation can be explained by the theory of conceptual metaphors. Assuming that this hypothesis is true, other questions are raised in this study:B) What are the important conceptual metaphors related to causation in the theology of AlShifa?C) What is the importance and position of each of the abovementioned conceptual metaphors in the theology of AlShifa?The position and importance of each conceptual metaphor is determined by calculating the statistical frequency of each of these metaphors. 2. Literature reviewFor Aristotle, philosophy are the knowledge of the causes and principles of things (Aristotle: 981b983a). He also believes that it is not possible to know objects without knowing their causes (Aristotle: 993b23, 983a24, 194b18). Ibn Sina, following the ideas of the first teacher, introduces philosophy as recognizing the principles and first causes of beings (Ibn Sina, 1376: 12).Lakoff and Johnson introduce causation as one of the most important concepts to understand and describe the events in the human thought and language. They believe that the causation has been conceptualized by an initial skeletal literal structure, the central prototype, and finally the metaphorical extensions of this prototype (Lakoff Johnson, 1980:71; 1999: 177 178).They introduce several conceptual metaphors to describe causation focusing on everyday English language such as ldquo;Causation Is Forced Movements rdquo;, ldquo;Causation Is Transfer Of Possessions rdquo; , ldquo;Causation Is A Forced Change Of Shape rdquo; , ldquo;Causation Is Upward Motion rdquo; and ldquo;Causation Is Motion out rdquo; (Lakoff, 1993: 220229; Lakoff Johnson, 1980: 6976 ). They believe that the same conceptual metaphors of causation are also used in philosophical texts. Every philosophical theory of causation is based on one or more the conceptual metaphors. Every philosopher believes that only his view of causation is correct, but according to Lakoff and Johnson, none of these theories alone can represent all aspects of this concept (Lakoff, 1999: 226). 3. MethodologyIn conceptual metaphors, a conceptual domain the target domain is conceptualized by another conceptual domain the source domain.Conceptual metaphors in a text can be identified and introduced by relying on words related to source domain, or target domain, or combination of the two ( Stefanowitsch, 2006: 23 ). Target domain of all conceptual metaphors related to causation are words that literally mean causation. Although the AlShifa is full of descriptions of causal relationships, there are not many cases of using words that have a literal causal meaning. Therefore, in this study, the conceptual metaphors of causation in the AlShifa are extracted and introduced by words related to target domain of these metaphors. Every conceptual metaphor in the AlShifa is represented through the derivations of one or more lexical roots. This book is written in Arabic language.By qualitative study of the theology section of the AlShifa, the most important conceptual metaphors related to causation in this book and the lexical roots related to each of these metaphors were extracted. Then, by counting the frequency of using derivatives of roots related to each of the conceptual metaphors in this book, the frequency of each of the conceptual metaphors in this book was calculated. 4. ConclusionSome of the conceptual metaphors related to causation in AlShifa are similar to the conceptual metaphors introduced by Lakoff and Johnson, but the other part of these metaphors is new and original.Conceptual metaphors in this book can be divided into two categories: (A) metaphors based on the primary metaphor Cause Is Physical Force and (B) metaphors based on natural causation. Category A includes metaphors that conceptualize causation as a kind of forced movement, while category B conceptualizes causation as an action or state that arises from the essence of an object and occurs automatically.Category A includes ldquo;Causation Is Transfer Of Possessions rdquo;, ldquo;Causation Is Making rdquo; and ldquo;Causation Is Making An Impression rdquo; metaphors.Category B includes ldquo;Causation Is Motion out rdquo;, ldquo;Causation Is Being Basis rdquo; and ldquo;Cause Is Source rdquo; metaphors. ldquo;Causation Is Transfer Of Possessions rdquo; metaphor (108) is represented by the derivations of » lsquo;ṭw « (12), »whb « (2) and » fyd « (94) roots. ldquo;Causation Is Making rdquo; metaphor (39) emerges through derivations of »j lsquo;l « (30) and »ṣn lsquo; « (9) roots. ldquo;Causation Is Making An Impression rdquo; metaphor (59) related to the derivations of » lsquo; thr «(59) root. ldquo;Causation Is Motion out rdquo; metaphor (122) is represented by the derivations of »ṣdr « (67), »nsh rsquo; « (2), »fyḍ « (53) roots. ldquo;Causation Is Being Basis rdquo; metaphor (250) involves the derivations of »qwm « (250) root. ldquo;Cause Is Source rdquo; metaphor (317) is represented by the derivations of »bd rsquo; « (317) root.The numbers in parentheses indicate the frequency of metaphoric usage of each lexical root or conceptual metaphors in theology section of AlShifa written by Ibn Sina.Category B (689) has more frequency than Category A (206). This shows that Ibn Sinachr('39')s philosophy is based on an essentialist view. In such a view, the events of the universe are the result of the inherent characteristics of beings, not the application of an external force on object.