پربسامدی کارکردهای زبانی ارتباطی زبان علم در حوزۀ زمین‌شناسی

زبان علم، ابزاری برای انتقال دانش، تجربه ها، مفاهیم و انگاره های علمی در قالب نوواژه سازی، اصطلاح سازی و نحوۀ نگارش علمی است. از آنجا که مختصات و نحوۀ تبلور این زبان در عالم متنی با زبان عمومی متفاوت است، شناخت ویژگی ها و کارکردهای زبانی و ارتباطیِ زبان علم و به ویژه مطالعۀ پربسامدی هریک از این کارکردها اهمیت دارد. هدف از این نوشتار بررسی مختصات و پربسامدی کارکردهای زبانی ارتباطی در زبان علم زمین شناسی با تکیه بر تحلیل های زبان شناسی متنی است. بدین منظور، پیکره ای متشکل از 36 مقالۀ زمین شناسی چاپ شده در مجله های علمی پژوهشی، بر اساس معیارهای مرتبط با الف) سازماندهی متنی و ب) معیارهای مرتبط با خصلت های زبانی، مورد تحلیل کیفی و کمّی قرار گرفت. یافته ها حاکی از آن است که زبان علم زمین شناسی به واسطۀ توسعۀ معنایی پله به پله که با تکرار، پوشینه گذاری و طبقه بندی واژگانی همراه است و نیز بالفعل سازی افعال ارتباطی کنشی، تواتر اسمی سازی و گزاره های مجهول، در قالب زبانی مقتصد و عینی با مخاطب در تعامل است. همچنین، آمارگیری کمّی در 13805 گزارۀ حاوی کارکردهای زبانی ارتباطی نشان می دهد که بیشترین تواتر مربوط به انسجام متنی (واژگانی نحوی) و سپس اقتصاد زبانی (اسمی سازی، گزاره های خلاصه شده) بوده و کم ترین تواتر متعلق به افعال و عبارات قیدی کمکی است.

Frequency of Linguistico-communicative Features in Scientific Language of Geology

Language of science, as a tool for transferring knowledge, experiences and exploring news concepts and scientific innovations, is interconnected with word formation, terminologisation and academic writing. Since the representation of scientific language is highly different from general language, knowing the specific characteristics and linguisticocommunicative features of this language deems necessary for maintaining an unequivocal and accurate scientific communication. Thus, the paper investigates quantitatively qualitatively the frequency of these features in scientific language of geology. Hence, a corpora of 36 geological texts published randomly taken from peer reviewed journals is analyzed according to two distinctive features: ldquo;textual organization rdquo; and ldquo;linguistic structures rdquo;. The results illustrate a fullyfledged representation of scientific language in geology affirming that the abundant usage of repetition, encapsulation, hyponymical classification ensure the gradual semantic development. Simultaneously, the effervescence of modal verbs, linking verbs accompanied by nominalization and passive statements reinforce the transmission of scientific message in an objective and economical language. Moreover, our statistical analysis over 13805 linguisticocommunicative statements illustrates that the most frequency belongs to textual cohesion (morphological and syntactical), and in the second run, to what corresponds to linguistic economy (nominalization, resumed statements), while the modal verbs and instances have scarcely configured in the studies corpora1. IntroductionLanguage of science, as a tool for transferring knowledge, experiences and exploring new concepts and scientific innovations, is interconnected with word formation, terminologisation and academic writing. Since the representation of scientific language is highly different from general language, keeping track of the specific characteristics and linguisticocommunicative features of this language deems necessary for maintaining an unequivocal and accurate scientific communication. Accordingly, we may raise this question that how the ldquo;Language of Science rdquo; (LS) is represented in scientific texts of specialized disciplines? A possible hypothesis is that among pragmaticocommunicative, morphosyntactical and terminological features of the language of science, those related to linguisticocommunicative features, i.e. textual organization and linguistic structures, are organized in such way that they differentiate the pragmaticocommunicative features of language of science from what is commonly known as General Language (GL). It deems that this differentiation is subsequence of the high frequency of linguisticocommunicatives components of the language of science; i.e. high percentage of linking verbs, doing verbs, modal verbs, metatextual statements, and smart usage of some principles such as repetition, nominalization, encapsulation, etc.Thus, the paper investigates quantitatively qualitatively the frequency of these features and components in scientific language of Geology throughout a corpora of 36 geological scientific texts taken randomly from peer reviewed journals. The methodology is driven on the ldquo;textual organization rdquo; and ldquo;linguistic structures rdquo; that Scarpa (2010) and Rossini Favretti (1988) have presented. We have therefore excluded any morphosyntactical and terminological featuresthat may appear in a scientific language.Firstly, the results illustrate that the linguistic features of geological scientific language (technical and/or academic language, passive statements, linkingdoing verbs, modal verbs) are more accentuated than textual organization (linguistic catalyzers, predicative statements, metatextual statements and those realted to textual cohesions); that is 50.83% of linguistic features vs 39.1% of textual organisations which form the pramaticocommunicative feature of Language of Geology, Interestingly, merely 10.07% is alloated to other components of a scientific language. This may indicate that a scientific text is not only different from the General Language by its terminological and morphosyntactical features, but considerably because of the high frequency of linguisticocommunicative features that differ dramatically from GLs pragmaticcommunicative aspects.Secondly, in the macrocategory A (linguistic features) the ldquo;lexical cohesion rdquo; is the most frequent component; whereas in the macrocategory B (textual organization) the nomanilization with value of 15.47% is the most remarkable and the most recurrent linguisticocommunicative component. Amid these two macrocategories, the modal verbs and instances are the least recurrent (only 2.99%).Thirdly and more generally speaking, a fullyfledged representation of scientific language in Geology is ensured by the gradual semantic development that is brought about thanks to the abundant usage of repetition (6.90%), encapsulation (6.10%), and hyponymical classification (6.10%). Interestingly the abundance of these three features is meaningfully close to each other. Simultaneously, the effervescence of linking verbs (4.74%) accompanied by nominalization (15.47%) and passive statements (13.21%) reinforce the transmission of scientific message in an objective, univocal and economical language.Moreover, our statistical analysis over 13805 linguisticocommunicative statements within our geological corpora illustrates that the most frequency belongs to textual cohesion (in sum 21.17%) regardless of logicalcohesional connectors (4.74%), and in the second run, to what corresponds to linguistic economy (nominalization, compressed statements; i.e.15.47%). This is true while the modal verbs and instances have scarcely configured in the studied corpora (2.99%).The results also indicate that the linguisticocommunicative features of the geological language are such that every user with any level of knowledge may easily communicate with it (characterization of General Language), but at the same time and quite paradoxically, the very specific textual organization and the specialized representations of linguistic structures denounce its specificity, raffirming that this is not a general language but a specialized language accustomed to specific usage of some professionals or specific language users. The dialectic of Specialized Language vs General Language is maintained where the abundancy of nominalization and passive statements in Specialized Language is very pronounced, but this is not the case in General Language. In contrary, the high frequency of modal verbs and the verb conjugation system in General Language justifies the noneconomicity and univocity of this type of communication. Ultimately, it seems that more investigations should be implemented to investigate more profoundly the blurred frontiers of GL vs SL throughout the morphosyntactical, terminological and linguisticocommunicative features of all language types, covering not only GL and SL(s), but also including Artificial Languages (ALs).