فرایند‌های نحوی دخیل در اشتقاق ساخت‌های پرسشی چندپرسش‌واژه‌ای

هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی فرایندهای نحوی دخیل در اشتقاقِ ساخت هایِ چندپرسش واژه ای زبان فارسی است. لذا، در این پژوهش به بررسی عملکرد پرسش واژه ها در ساخت های چندپرسش واژه ای با توجه به فرایندهای نحوی و اینکه کدام عملیات نحوی، متوالی یا گسسته بودن آن ها را توجیه می کند، پرداخته می شود. روش پژوهش توصیفی تحلیلی است و اصول بنیادین حاکم بر رویکرد کمینه گرایی چامسکی (1995) چارچوب نظری پژوهش را تشکیل می دهد. داده های پژوهش از طریق روش کتابخانه ای (کتاب ها، رسانه ها، روزنامه ها، شبکه های اجتماعی و موتور جست وجوی گوگل) و روش میدانی (صحبت های افراد مختلف) گرد آوری شده اند. بررسی داده ها (نتایج پژوهش) نشان می دهد در ساخت های چندپرسش واژه ای متوالی (هر دو نوع) با حذف پسرو مواجه هستیم که سازۀ مشترک در بند اول به واسطۀ یکسانی حذف می شود. در این ساخت ها، پرسش واژۀ اول در جای اصلی باقی می ماند و پرسش واژۀ دوم پس از حذفِ سازۀ مشترک به جایگاه کانون حرکت می کند. قلب نحوی تنها با ترتیب افزوده ای افزوده ای و افزوده ای موضوعی در این نوع ساخت ها امکان پذیر است. در ساخت های چندپرسش واژه ای گسسته، حذف سازۀ مشترک در بند دوم اتفاق می افتد و با حذف پیشرو مواجه هستیم که هر دو پرسش واژه در جای اصلی قرار می گیرند. در این نوع ساخت ها نیز قلب نحوی فقط با ترتیب افزوده ای افزوده ای و افزوده ای موضوعی امکان پذیر است. جابه جایی و تفوق پرسش واژه ها در ساخت های پرسشی چندگانه با هر ترتیبی از پرسش واژه ها مجاز نیست.

Syntactic Processes Dealing With the Derivation of WH- Multiple Questions

The purpose of this study is to investigate the syntactic processes involved in deriving Persian WHmultiple questions. Therefore, the function of WHwords in these constructs regarding the syntactic processes is examined. It also clarifies which syntactic functions justify their sequential or split orders. The research method is descriptiveanalytic on the base of Chomsky rsquo;s Minimalist approach (1995). Research data was collected from books, Media, newspapers, social networks and Google search engine and native speakers rsquo; speech. Data analysis shows that in sequential WHmultiple questions (both types), backward deletion occurs in which the identical constituent in the first clause is deleted under identity. In these constructions, the first WHword remains in situ and the second one moves to the focus phrase after deleting the identical constituent. Scrambling is just possible with adjunct adjunct and adjunct argument order in these constructions. In split WH multiple questions, the deletion of identical constituent occurs in the second clause as forward deletion in which both WHwords remanin in situ. Scrambling in these constructions is also possible with adjunctadjunct and adjunctargument order. Scrambling and superiority of WHwords are not permitted in WHmultiple questions with any order of WHwords.1. IntroductionAmong the constructions that Chomsky examines in the form of minimalist approach are WHquestions. These constructions are observed in two types, yes /no questions and WHquestions which is the aim of the present study. Sometimes WHquestions consisting of two or more WHwords, named WHmultiple questions. These constructions are in two types: sequential and split. Sequential WHmultiple questions are themselves divided into two types of simple (without coordinator) and coordinated (with coordinator). In split one, WHwords are separated. The present study seeks to answer these questions: What is the function of WHwords in WHmultiple questions with respect to the syntactic processes, and which syntactic operations justify their sequential or split nature? 2. Literature ReviewA review of the research literature shows that WHquesions have been studied only in terms of structure, type and movement of WHwords in Persian just in single WHword questions and none of them examined the syntactic processes in the derivation of Persian WH multiple ones. Therefore, conducting such a study in relation to WHmultiple questions based on Chomskychr('39')s Minimalist Program (1995) distinguishes itself from other similar studies in this field. 3. MethodologyThe research method is descriptiveanalytic based on the principles of Chomsky rsquo;s (1995) Minimalist Program as theoretical framework. 4. ResultsThe examination of data shows that in coordinated WHquestions (both types), the common constituent in the first clause is deleted under identity and satisfying language economy. In other words, backward deletion occurs. In the coordinate WHquestions (both types), the first WHword remains insitu and under identity and thus deleting it, the second WHword moves to the focus phrase.In contrast, in split WHquestions, forward deletion occures in which the deletion of identical clause occurs in the second clause, leaving a gap in the position of identical elements, and both WHwords are placed in their original unmarked place. In this type of WHquestions, the movement of WHword leads to the ungrammaticality of WHconstruction and as a result, Persian speakers will not accept it. Therefore, It has been concluded since no movement occurs in this type of constructions, there is no need to apply the attract closest principle.Also, the analysis of data shows that scrambling of two adjuctadjunct WHword in sequencial coordinate WHquestion is possible. But in multiple WHquestion, scrambling and superiority leads to unacceptable and sometimes ungrammatical constructions. Thus, contrary to Bo scaron;kovićchr('39')s (1999) view that focus languages do not show superiority effects, multiple WHquestions in Persian, which is a focus language, shows it. In split WHquestions, scrambling of two adjunct adjunct WHwords is possible.In coordinate WHquestions with adjunctargument order, scrambling of two WHwords is possible. On the contrary, this kind of scrambling in Persian multiple WHquestion leads to ungrammatical construction. In contrast, scrambling of adjunct argument WHwords in split WHquestions is allowed and the result is a grammatical and acceptable construction. Scrambling of WHwords with the order of augmentadjunct is not possible in any of the coordinate, multiple and split WHquestions and the result will be an ungrammatical WHquestion.In coordinate WHquestions with the order of argumentargument WHwords, if the case markers accompanying WHwords are deleted, the construction will be ungrammatical and in the case of two argument WHwords scrambling, the construction will be grammatical, but not acceptable for Persian speakers. In multiple WHquesions, scrambling of two WHwords is not possible. In split WHquestion with two argument WHwords, scrambling is impossible and ungrammatical. The results also show that argument coordination can only occur with transitive verbs.5. DiscussionIt has been discussed and examined what syntactic processes involved in derivatiing of WHmultiple questions? And which syntactic operations justify its sequential or split properties. In thi way, WHmultiple questions in different orders of adjunctadjunct, adjunctargument, argumentadjunct, and argumentargument, have separately been studied. 6. ConclusionWe concluded that the existence of multiple WHquestions in Persian as a prodrop language violates the view of Sitko (2013) who claims that prodrop languages allow multiple WHword rising.In general, the syntactic processes involved in WHmultiple questions of Persian are: finding the identical constitute and deleting it, remaining the first WHword insitu and moving the second WHword to focus phrase.Notes1. In this study, we investigate only WHmultiple questions with two WHwords.2. Acceptability3. Unacceptability4. Lubańska5. Stefano6. Pro drop languages7. Covert whmovement8. Empty whoperator9. Overt whmovement10. Merge11. Aposition: A position that takes a semantic role and corresponds to traditional subject and object position.12. A prime;position: A position that does not take a Өrole. Such as adjuncts position and specifier position of CP13. Scrambling14. Conceptualintentional15. Articulatoryperceptual16. Occam rsquo;s Razor17. Attract Closest Principal: According to this principle, which is assumed to attract a particular type of structure, attracts the closest possible structure of that type.18. Superiority condition19. Deletion under identity