ساخت‌های دواسمی در زبان فارسی بر اساس مدل محدودیت‌ها

ساخت‌های دواسمی به توالی دو کلمه که دارای طبقه دستوری یکسان هستند و عموماً با یک رابط واژگانی به هم مرتبط می‌شوند گفته می شود. ساخت‌های دواسمی می توانند برگشت‌پذیر یا برگشت‌ناپذیر باشند. این مقاله در نظر دارد تا ساخت‌های دواسمی در زبان فارسی را بر اساس مدل محدودیت‌ها بررسی کند تا مشخص شود که این مدل تا چه میزان می تواند داده های زبان فارسی را توجیه کند. در مورد آن دسته از ساخت‌های دواسمی که مدل مولین قادر به تبیین آن ها نیست پژوهش حاضر در نظر دارد تا محدودیت هایی را متناسب با ساختار زبان فارسی معرفی کند. مدل محدودیت‌ها را مولین (2014) معرفی کرده است. این مدل شامل محدودیت‌های معنایی/ کاربردشناختی، واجی غیروزنی، واجیِ وزنی و بسامد و ترتیب الفبایی است. داده های این پژوهش از کتاب ها، روزنامه‌ها، فرهنگ لغت زبان فارسی و نیز پیکره تحت وب به دست ‌آمد. برای انجام این پژوهش، داده‌های تحقیق که مشتمل بر 593 ساخت دواسمی است از نظر برگشت پذیری یا برگشت ناپذیری گروه بندی شد. برای تعیین برگشت پذیری یا برگشت ناپذیری ساخت‌های دواسمی، از مرجع دادگان زبان فارسی (پیکره بی جن خان) و اینترنت استفاده شده است. بدین صورت ساخت‌هایی که در پیکره مورد استفاده فقط در یک ترتیب ظاهر شده اند، برگشت ناپذیر و ساخت‌هایی که در هر دو ترتیب ظاهر شده اند، برگشت پذیر در نظر گرفته شده اند. سپس داده های استخراج شده بر اساس مدل محدودیت‌ها تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که مدل محدودیت‌های مولین می تواند ترتیب اکثر ساخت‌های دواسمی در زبان فارسی را توجیه کند. همچنین در مورد داده هایی که مدل مولین قادر به تبیین آن ها نیست، یک سری محدودیت هایی تعریف شد، ازجمله: اصل »غلبه «، اصل »رسایی اول هجای دوم «، اصل »قیاس «، اصل »اهمیت «، اصل »رسایی جزء اول پایانه «، اصل »روایت «، و اصل »سبب مسبب «،

An Investigation of Persian Binomials based on Constraints Model

Introduction: In every language, there are some constructions where two constituents are put together to form a lexical item. These constructions are called binomials. In this term, ldquo; nomi rdquo; ( which means ldquo;name rdquo;) can refer to names, adjectives, verbs, adverbs and conjunctions. These constructions can be just the repetition of the same word, like ldquo;davan davan rdquo;, or can be reduplication, like ldquo;ketab metab rdquo; which has a phonological motivation. They can be onomatopoeia, like ldquo;ticktack rdquo; or can be of a kind where there is a just a semantic motivation, like ldquo;jang and solh rdquo;. But terminologically, binomials refer to the sequence of two words pertaining to the same formclass, and ordinarily connected by some kind of lexical link. One point in binomials relates to the order of constituents and which factors or constraints determine their order. In this regard, there is a model called Constraints rsquo; Model (2014). The model has some constraints which determines the order of constituents in binomials. Purpose: The paper aims to investigate Persian binomials based on Constraints rsquo; Model.Study questions: In this regard, the study questions are:1To how extent the order of constituents in Persian binomials can be determined based on semanticpragmatic constraints, nonmetricalphonological constraints, metricalphonological constraints, and frequency and alphabetic order constraints which are mentioned in Constraints rsquo; Model?2 To how extent Constraints rsquo; Model can be a criterion to determine the order of constituents in Persian binomials?3For those Persian binomials whose orders can rsquo;t be determined using Constraints rsquo; Model, what constraints can be defined?Methodology: The research is done using Constraints rsquo; Model. The data were extracted from twenty Persian novel, the newspapers ldquo;Hamshahri rdquo; and ldquo;Iran rdquo; in a one year period, Persian dictionary and web. From the corpus, 1957 binomials were extracted, many of which were ignored because they were in the groups ldquo;repetition rdquo; and ldquo;reduplication rdquo;. Finally there were 593 reversible and irreversible binomials. To do the research, all these 593 binomials were divided into two groups ldquo;reversible rdquo; and ldquo;irreversible rdquo;. To determine the (ir) reversibility of Persian binomials, Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) was used, so following Mollin rsquo;s method (2013), the binomials appearing just in one order were considered irreversible and the ones appearing in both orders were considered reversible. For reversible binomials, it was attempted to find their preferred order. To find the preferred order of reversible binomials, the researcher referred to the frequency in Persian Language Data Base and web and the frequency number of both order were found. If the frequency occurrence of one order was significantly higher than the other order, that order was considered as the preferred order, but if the frequency occurrence of two different orders in one binomial wasn rsquo;t different significantly, that binomial was removed from research, because there wasn rsquo;t any preferred order which can be determined by Constraints rsquo; Model. Then the irreversible binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order were analyzed using Constraints rsquo; Model.Analysis: Analysis of research data, considering the occurrence order of binomials in Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) and web showed that among 593 binomials, 534 ones were irreversible and 59 ones were reversible. The 534 irreversible binomials were analyzed using Constraints rsquo; Model.Conclusion: Data analysis showed that among 534 irreversible binomials, Constraints rsquo; Model can determine the order of 520 binomials (97/3), but in research corpus, there were 11 binomials (2/7) whose order can rsquo;t be determined using Constraints rsquo; Model. The analysis results for reversible binomials showed that among 45 reversible binomials (with a preferred order), Constraints rsquo; Model can determine the order of 44 binomials (97/7), but there were one reversible binomial (2/3) which couldn rsquo;t be explained Constraints rsquo; Model.To answer the first question of the research, we can say that Constraints rsquo; Model has determined the order of 97/4 of binomials (both irreversible binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order) in Persian. So it is concluded that Constraints rsquo; Model is suitable to determine the order of constituents in Persian binomials.But for those Persian binomials whose order can rsquo;t be determined using Constraints rsquo; Model, some constraints were proposed which are: dominance principle, initial sonority of second syllable principle, unstressed vowel length principle, analogy principle, importance principle, coda rsquo;s initial sonority principle,