رویکردی ساختی شناختی به پسوند «- ار» در زبان فارسی

پسوند » ار « یکی از پسوندهای اسم‌ساز (و گاه صفت‌ساز) زبان فارسی است که به باور بیشتر پژوهشگرانی که تا به امروز دربارۀ آن مطالعه کرده‌اند دارای معناهای فاعلی، مصدری و مفعولی است. در پژوهش پیش‌رو این پسوند را از دیدگاه دستور شناختی لانگاکر (2008, 2009) و نظریۀ ساخت‌واژۀ ساختی بوی (2010, 2016) مورد بررسی قرار داده و کوشیده‌ایم تبیینی شناختی و ساخت‌بنیاد از این پسوند و کاربردهای آن ارائه دهیم. این پژوهش از لحاظ تجربی (یعنی روش گردآوری داده‌ها) پیکره‌بنیاد و از لحاظ نظری (یعنی روش و چارچوب تحلیل) مبتنی بر رویکرد شناختی و ساخت‌بنیاد است. داده‌های پژوهش دربرگیرندۀ 38 واژۀ مشتق ساخته‌شده با پسوند » ار « است که از پیکرۀ ساخت واژی خود نگارندگان (شامل بیش از ده هزار واژۀ مشتق و مرکب فارسی) و فرهنگ زانسو گردآوری شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش گویای آن است که این پسوند در پنج زیرطرح‌وارۀ ساختی متفاوت به کار می‌رود و با پیوستن به ستاک گذشته و اسم، قلمروهای شناختی فرایند، کنشگری، نمود و رابطه را بیان می‌کند. این یافته‌ها همچنین نشان می‌دهد که فرایند شناختی »بریافت « و به‌ویژه دو جنبۀ مهم آن شامل برنمایی و مشخص‌سازی، نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای در شکل‌گیری زیرطرح‌واره‌های مربوط به پسوند » ار « دارد.

A Constructional Cognitive Approach to the Persian Suffix ‘-ɑr’

IntroductionAffixation is one of the two main wordformation processes in Persian. The suffix lsquo;ɑr rsquo; is a nominal (or adjectival) suffix in Persian which is believed by most researchers to express the subject/agent (like x aelig;ridɑr lsquo;buyer rsquo;), object/patient (like gereftɑr lsquo;captive rsquo;) or infinitive (like r aelig;ftar lsquo;behavior rsquo;) meaning. In Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 2008, 2009) and Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2016) wordformation patterns are considered to be constructional schemas, i.e. schematic representations of morphological constructions. Constructions are pairings of form and meaning. The form pole of a construction includes morpho minus;syntactic and phonological properties. The meaning pole of a construction comprises semantic properties (conceptual structure), pragmatic properties and discourse properties. Cognitive Grammar posits that an expression invokes a set of cognitive domains as the basis for its meaning, i.e. as the content to be construed. Therefore, the meaning of a linguistic expression depends on two key notions of lsquo;cognitive domain rsquo; and lsquo;construal rsquo;. A cognitive domain is a coherent area of conceptualization which provides the conceptual base for the meaning of a linguistic expression. The term construal refers to human manifest ability to conceive and express the same situation or event in alternate ways. Purpose: The present research aims to explore the suffix lsquo;ɑr rsquo; within the framework of Cognitive Grammar and Construction Morphology and tries to identify its various constructional schemas and subschemas. Furthermore, it attempts to investigate cognitive domains that underlie the meaning of each subschemas and to analyze the role of construal in formation of each subschemas. Study questions: the study questions are: (1) what are constructional schemas and subschemas of the suffix lsquo;ɑr rsquo; and how is hierarchical relationships among them?(2) What cognitive domain(s) underlie the meaning of each subschema?(3) Which cognitive processes do play determinant role in formation of these (sub) schemas? Methodology: Empirically, the paper adopts corpusbased method and theoretically, it adopts cognitive and constructionbased approach. The data include a corpus of 38 derivational words having the suffix lsquo;ɑr rsquo; extracted from the authors own morphological corpus (including more than 10000 complex words) and Farhange Zansoo (Keshani, 1993). Analysis: Analysis of research data showed that derivatives of the suffix lsquo;ɑr rsquo; belong to different constructional schemas. The schematicconstructional network of the suffix lsquo;ɑr rsquo; is represented in Figure 1. As is shown in the figure, lsquo;ɑr rsquo; appears in six different subschemas, in five of which the base of derivation is past stem of a verb while in the other the base is a noun. The conceptual base of the five subschemas that have a verb stem as their base is the cognitive domain of lsquo;processes. The difference among these subschemas is that each subschema profiles a different aspect of the conceptual base. In other words, the difference among them is due to the key notion of lsquo;profiling rsquo;. In the subschema with a noun as the base of derivation, the conceptual base is the cognitive domain of lsquo;relation rsquo;.Figure 1: The schematicconstructional network of the suffix lsquo;ɑr rsquo; in Persian Conclusion: Results of the study show that the suffix lsquo;ɑr rsquo;, which is added to past stems of verbs or nouns, can appear in six different constructional subschemas to indicate the cognitive domains of process, agenthood, aspect and relation. These subschemas are:1) <[[x](Vpast)i ɑr]Nj harr; [The human agent who perform the process of SEMi]j>2) <[[x](Vpast)i ɑr]Nj harr; [The nonhuman agent (or instrument) which perform the process of SEMi]j>3) <[[x](Vpast)i ɑr]Nj harr; [The act of doing the process of SEMi]j>4) <[[x](Vpast)i ɑr]Nj harr; [The result of the process of SEMi]j>5) <[[x](Vpast)i ɑr]Aj harr; [The property of being affected by the process of SEMi]j>6) <[[x]Ni ɑr]Nj harr; [The thing closely related to SEMi]j> The findings reveal that the cognitive process of lsquo;construal rsquo; and especially its two aspects of lsquo;profiling rsquo; and lsquo;specification rsquo; have a determinant role in the formation of these constructional subschemas.