عوامل موثر بر مطابقۀ مفعولی در کردی ایلامی

زبان ها از ابزارهای متنوعی بهره می گیرند تا نقش های دستوری را بازنمایی کنند. یکی از این ابزارها (سازوکار) مطابقه است که در زبان های مختلف ممکن است کم و بیش از آن استفاده شود. از طرف دیگر، عوامل متنوعی ممکن است در زبان های مختلف بر روی قسمت های مختلف دستور زبان و ازجمله نظام مطابقه اثرگذار باشند. بر این اساس، در پژوهش حاضر با استناد به داده هایی از کردی ایلامی، هم به دنبال بررسی میزان استفاده از مطابقۀ مفعولی هستیم و هم درپی یافتن تاثیر احتمالی عوامل مختلف بر روی مطابقۀ پی بست های مفعولی با مفعول. برای تحقق این اهداف، از روش توصیفی، کتابخانه ای، مصاحبه و ضبط صدای گویش وران بومی جهت استخراج داده ها استفاده شده است. تعداد 10 نفر گویشور بومی با محدودۀ سنی 40 تا60 سال در استخراج داده ها کمک کردند. عوامل موثر بر مطابقه که در اینجا مورد بررسی قرار گرفته اند، برگرفته از گیون (2004) هستند. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که در کردی ایلامی از پی بست های مطابقۀ مفعولی جهت ارجاع به مفعول استفاده می شود. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که در کردی ایلامی مطابقۀ مفعولی متاثر از برخی محدودیت هاست. مشخصاً، عوامل معرفگی/ نکرگی، ارجاعی/ غیرارجاعی، مبتدایی/ غیرمبتدایی و انضمام مفعول به بروز برخی محدویت ها در مطابقۀ پی بست های مفعولی با مفعول منجر می شوند. بررسی تاثیر این عوامل بر نظام مطابقه به خصوص در زبان های دارای نظام مطابقۀ دوگانه به منزلۀ موضوع پژوهش های آتی توصیه می شود.

Investigating of some effecting factors on Agreement System in Ilami Kurdish

Different languages make use of various linguistic tools to encode grammatical roles (GRs). lsquo;Case marking rsquo; and lsquo;wordorder rsquo; are among the main tools to be used to code GRs. Furthermore, lsquo;agreement rsquo; is another prominent tool to be used more or less in world languages to represent GRs. Based on their typologies and morphosyntactic properties, world languages may select one or a combination of these tools to encode grammatical roles. In the languages with poor morphology, lsquo;wordorder rsquo; plays a more basic role and in those languages with enriched case system, lsquo;casemarking rsquo; and lsquo;agreement rsquo; are more frequently employed to encode grammatical roles. On the other hand, there are various factors which may have repercussions for grammar of languages including its agreement system. The factors which are assumed to affect object agreement in this study are transitivity, (in) definiteness, being (non)referential, (non)topicality, incorporation and semantic roles of object. These factors are adopted mainly from Givon (2004) and other related studies after careful examination of related literature in the world languages. Accordingly, the present study aims at investigating object agreement of Ilami Kurdish and the abovementioned factors which may affect agreement between pronominal enclitics and objects. To achieve these goals, a descriptive analytic approach was adopted to deal with the collected data. The data were taken from the native speakers via interviewing and using targeted questions. To collect authentic data, 10 native speakers of Ilami Kurdish with age range of 4060 were frequently referred to in order to check the results. Furthermore, the researchers rsquo; linguistic intuition as native speakers of Kurdish assists them as reliable source of data.The results indicated that object pronominal enclitic can appear both at the presence and absence of direct object. In the presence of direct object, object pronominal enclitic is optional, while in the absence of direct object, object pronominal enclitics are obligatory. Accordingly, the use of object enclitics in Ilami Kurdish is an optional tool to refer (represent) to direct object. Therefore, it is concluded that object agreement to encode direct object is only used partially in Ilami Kurdish. The results, also, indicated that object enclitics are employed in Ilami Kurdish as a means to refer to object in terms of number and person. Furthermore, the results revealed that the agreement between object pronominal enclitics and direct object is affected by the above factors including chr('39')(in)definitenesschr('39'), being (non)referentialchr('39'), chr('39')(non)topicalitychr('39'), chr('39')incorporationchr('39'). Therefore, it can be concluded that felicitous objectmarking in Ilami Kurdish is conditioned to these factors. For an object pronominal enclitic to be used appropriately, the referred direct object must be definite, referential, topical and nonincorporated. It is recommended to carry out separate studies on (non)Iranian languages, especially the languages with split ergative morphology, to investigate the influence of the abovementioned factors on their agreement systems.