بازنمایی دشمن در متن خاطرات زنی در اسارت: بررسی موردی کتاب خاطرات من زنده‌ام

هدف پژوهش حاضر، بازنمود دشمن در متن خاطرات خودنوشتۀ یک زن از جنگ عراق با ایران است. با گذشت چند دهه از این جنگ هنوز کسانی که درگیر جنگ بوده اند تصویری از دشمن دارند که با مرزبندی های ذهنی و فرهنگی آن هایی که تجربۀ حضور در جنگ و برخورد با دشمن را نداشته اند، متفاوت است. از طرفی نوع نگاه یک زن به دشمن تصویری متفاوت از آن به دست می دهد. بدین منظور از میان آثاری که در رابطه با جنگ نوشته شده اند و نویسندۀ خانم دارند کتاب من زنده ام اثر معصومه آباد انتخاب شد. این اثر به قلم فردی که در اسارت بوده نگاشته شده و متن تحت تاثیر احتمالی ذهنیت خاطره نگار قرار نگرفته است. به همین دلیل متن مستقیم و دست اول به شمار می آید. با به کارگیری نظریۀ »سپهر نشانه ای « لوتمان، نظریۀ »خلق دشمن « اکو و »مربع نشانه شناختی « گریماس متن موردنظر تحلیل شد. بررسی متن نشان داد که برای بازنمود دشمن از قطبی سازی، تصویرسازی، و دشمن ایدئولوژیک استفاده شده است. شکل دشمن و میزان دشمنی در این اثر ثابت نیست. نویسنده برای هر دیگری میزان دشمنی متفاوتی قائل است؛ یعنی با پیوستاری از دشمن با درجات دشمنی متفاوت روبه روییم. در برخی موارد بنا به اقتضای شرایط مانند احساس خطر یا درماندگی، دشمن نیز خودی تلقی می شود.

The Representation of Enemy in the Memoirs of a Woman in Captivity: A Case Study of the BookI Am Alive

This research is an attempt to represent the enemy in a womanchr('39')s selfportrait memoirs about Iraq rsquo;s war against Iran. Years after, those who were involved in the war have an image of an enemy which is different from the mental and cultural boundaries of those who didn rsquo;t experience war. Besides, the point of view of a woman gives a different image of the enemy. Therefore, to depict the representation of this enemy, the book I Am Alive by Masoumeh Abad was selected. This book is written directly by the person who was engaged in war and the text is not influenced by any possible chronologist or diarist helping writing the text; hence, it is considered a direct and firsthand text. By applying Lotman rsquo;s cultural semiotic theory, Echo rsquo;s theory of inventing enemy and the semiotic square of Greimas the text was analyzed. Study of the text showed that polarization, delineation and making an ideological enemy has been used to represent the enemy. The form of the enemy and the amount of hostility in this text are not fixed. The writer allocates different degrees of hostility to enemies, and we see a continuum of enemy. In some cases, as circumstances require, such as the perceived danger or helplessness, enemy is considered an insider.1. IntroductionThe IraqIran rsquo;s war is the longest conventional war of the twentieth century, beginning with Iraqchr('39')s invasion of Iran and lasting eight years. In the Pahlavi era, governments differed greatly over borders and water resources, and relations were very strained. With the conclusion of the, however, after the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Saddam Hussein, who was at the head of the ruling Bachr('39')ath party, unilaterally terminated the 1975 Algiers agreement and launched a largescale attack against Iran on September 22, 1980. It was a war between two neighboring countries in which the people of both lands shared religious affiliations. For this reason, the effects of this war on the lives of the people were profound and unforgettable, especially ideologically it was unbelievable for them to deal with an enemy of the same religion was unbelievable to them.Decades after the war, those involved in the war still have an image of the enemy that differs from the mental and cultural boundaries of those who have not experienced war. On the other hand, the way a woman conceptualizes the enemy gives a different picture of it. So, we aim to answer these questions, how enemy is formed from a womanchr('39')s point of view? What mechanisms are used to represent the enemy? And does the enemy have a fixed meaning?2. Literature ReviewWar memoir is one of the most common methods of recording events, both during and after the war. For this reason, many works related to the IraqIran war have been written in the form of memoirs. In this regard, Kazemi (2015), SalimiNejad (2014), Faizi Sho rsquo;ar (2014), Mo rsquo;men Abadi (2014), Gholam Hosseinzadeh (2013), Tadi Bani (2011), Qaisari (2011), Ilkhan (1388) and Irvani (1386) in their master rsquo;s theses have studied some memories about IraqIran rsquo;s war. Sasani (2005, 2008) has also collected and translated a collection of articles related to war as a sociocultural phenomenon from various foreign authors. Numerous studies have been done in connection with the theory of cultural semiotics, including Lotman (1990, 1984), Posner (2004), Echo (2012), Sonesson (2000, 2001, 2004) and Pakatachi (2004). )3. MethodologyThis is a descriptiveanalysis case study research. In order to answer the questions of this research, data were collected from first hand documents about war. The first hand document is a written piece which is written by the same person who was involved in the events of the memoirs directly and is not affected by the thoughts and opinions of those who write else rsquo;s memoirs. Also the gender and locality variables were considered. Therefore the book I am alive by Masoumeh Abad was selected. The author, Masoumeh Abad, is a young lady from Abadan and a native of the war zone. She was a captive for four years in Iraqi camps and has written a book about the memoirs of her captivity. In this study, Lotman semiosphere model, Eco inventing enemy theory, and Greimas semioticsquare model have been used to examine the data. 4. ResultsThe concept of other has always played an fundamental role in one rsquo;s identity recognition. Whether it is a living thing or an object or a natural force. If someone feels any threat or danger from this other , immediately recognizes him as an enemy and attributes the maximum of malice and hostility to him. In this way, the person gets the maximum distance from the other and is prepared to face the possible danger from the enemy. By applying semiotic tools and echo theory, we found that the author of book I am Alive uses polarization and imagery processes to describe the enemy. She creates an ideological enemy for herself and the audience, which has the highest level of malice, and by using inter textual references to the events of the beginning of Islam, especially the Ashura incident, places the enemy in the lowest possible ideological position. The image of this enemy is completely black and has a polar nature. On the other hand, we see that the enemy in this work is not only formulated on the basis of dualism and polar binaries, but is seen as a continuous conceptual entity. Some characters have less enmity and hostility than others. . Sometimes the author raises the farthest enemies to the nearest insiders as needed to avoid potential danger The feature of continuity in representing enemy was explained via presented model which was inspired by Greimas semioticsquare Figure 3Continuum of the concept of the enemy As you can see the concept of enemy can glide from the left side of axis to the right side and get close to the concept of friend. Vice versa a friend can move to the left, lose its features of being a friend and become an enemy 6. ConclusionIt can be said that the concept of enemy is a floating, unstable and graded concept. The word enemy is an empty container in which anyone or anything with different grades can be placed in different situations.