آموزش مترجمی فرانسه در دانشگاه‌های ایران: بررسی مشکلات ترجمۀ واژگان چند‌معنا

آموزش مترجمی در ایران، تاکنون از دیدگاه‌های مختلف بررسی شده است و کاستی‌های این آموزش و مشکلاتی که دانشجویان این رشته با آن روبه رو هستند، از ابعاد متفاوت ارزیابی شده است. با وجود این، به نظر می‌رسد پژوهشگران حوزۀ مطالعات و آموزش ترجمۀ زبان فرانسه در ایران، واژگان چندمعنا و چگونگی ترجمۀ این پدیدۀ ابهام‌زا را نادیده گرفته‌اند. در همین مورد، با درنظر گرفتن ویژگی های واژگان چندمعنا و توانش دانشجویان این رشته، با نگاهی به نقشۀ هولمز/ توری از مطالعات ترجمه و شاخۀ کاربردی آن که شامل تربیت مترجم و فرهنگ لغات به منزلۀ ابزار ترجمه است، نظریۀ کاترینا رایس از انواع متن و کاربرد آن ها و نظریۀ گروه pacte از توانش ترجمه در محیط‌های آموزشی،‌ از طریق دو سنجش میان 32 دانشجوی مقطع کارشناسی رشتۀ مترجمی فرانسه در دو گروه و همچنین، بررسی پیکرۀ ترجمۀ کتابle choix de lettres de jeanjacques rousseau: traduction et texte original که از سوی هشت تن از دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی ارشد رشتۀ مترجمی و ادبیات فرانسه انجام گرفته است، این مشکل بررسی شد. در مورد اول، بیشتر از دو سوم دانشجویان گروه اول که تنها از فرهنگ دوزبانۀ فرانسه فارسی استفاده کرده بودند، نتوانستند به درستی جملات حاوی این نوع واژگان را ترجمه کنند،‌ در حالی که این میزان در گروه دوم برعکس است. در میان دانشجویان مقطع کارشناسی ارشد نیز این مشکل همچنان وجود دارد. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، برای رفع این مشکل باید از فرهنگ‌های تک زبانۀ فرانسه فرانسه استفاده شود.

Teaching French Translation at Universities in Iran: Study of the translationof polysemic words

Teaching French translation in Iran has been studied from different angles so far and its flaws and the problems encountered by students in this field have been repeatedly evaluated. However, it seems that researchers in Iran have not taken into account the problem of polysemic words and the translation of this ambiguous phenomenon. Hence, we have decided to study this phenomenon in university classes where students are trained to translate texts from French language to Persian.In this regard, considering the characteristics of the polysemic words and the ability of French translation students to recognize and then translate them properly in Persian, with a glance to Holmes/Toury map of translation studies and especially its functional branch, which includes teaching/learning translation and related methodologies and dictionaries as tools in this field among others. Therefore, we emphasize on the importance of training French translation students and the correct use of dictionaries according to Holmes/Toury theory.On the other hand, Katharina Reiss rsquo; (German linguist and translator scholar) theory of translation and text typology (informative, expressive and operative) and their application have been used in this research. Usually, in translation classes at Iranian universities, informative and expressive texts are present and we used these two types of texts in our corpus as well.Also, we have utilized the theory of PACTE group from its translation competence in educational environments, through two tests among 32 undergraduate French translation students divided in two groups, as well as a review of the translation of the book written by French philosopher and writer of eighteenth century, JeanJacques Rousseau, Le Choix de lettres de JeanJacques Rousseau, translated by eight master and Ph.D. students in the field of French translation and French literature to scrutinize this particular problem.In the first case, we had advised to the first group to use only FrenchPersian dictionaires and to the second group to use not only the latter but also to consult inevitably FrenchFrench dictionaires in order to translate correctly the texts. More than twothirds of the first group of students who used only FrenchPersian dictionaries failed to properly translate sentences containing this type of vocabulary, while in the second group the results were considerably satisfying. Among the graduate students, this problem still persists. It seems that finding the right equivalent for this kind of vocabulary, especially for French translation students who do not have sufficient knowledge of the language, seems complicated. This is because polysemic words can usually have different meanings in different contexts. FrenchPersian dictionaires on the market do not always contain all the meanings associated with polysemic words, which will make it even harder for the students to deal with the translation. Also, it seems from the sample translations of undergraduate and graduate students, this problem requires a fundamental solution from the very beginning of their studies. Explaining this problem to the students and informing them about this phenomenon and the gaps in FrenchPersian dictionaries is one of the first things that should be presented in translation classes. On the other hand, editing these dictionaries by their publishers or publishing new ones with regard to semantic ambiguities in French seems important. It also seems necessary to use monolingual dictionaries to find the appropriate equivalent of a word in the text.