ناسوده‌شدگی انفجاری‌های لثوی در هورامی گونه پاوه

ادیبان و دستورنویسان قدیم در توصیف‌ قاعده‌مندی‌های تلفظی فارسی از همخوانی با نام »ذالِ مُعجَمه « یا »ذالِ مُعجَم « یاد کرده‌اند که با آن‌چه ایشان »دال « تشخیص می‌داده‌اند در توزیع تکمیلی بوده است. این همخوان که از قرار معلوم جزو آواهای شایان توجه فارسی و برخی دیگراز زبان‌های ایرانی بوده، به‌تدریج در تداول محدود و محدودتر شده، تا بدان‌جا که گویش‌شناسان دوره معاصر بازمانده آن را صرفاً در جمعی از گونه‌های زبان‌های ایرانی جنوب غربی و برخی از گونه‌های پراکنده در استان فارس یافته‌ند، و ظاهراً به همین دلیل به آن [d] زاگرسی گفته‌اند. به‌ هر حال، هیچ یک از آثار در دست‌رس، از حضور این همخوان در هورامی سخنی به میان نیاورده‌اند؛ و این در حالی است که اتّفاقاً این همخوان، هم در مختصّه‌های آواییش، هم در کاربرد گسترده‌ای که دارد، و هم از جنبه همخوان‌های زیرساختی‌ای که با آنها در تناوب است، از آواهای شایان توجّه هورامی است. توصیف این همخوان هم جنبه‌ای منحصر به فرد از نظام آوایی زبان‌های ایرانی را به زبان‌شناسان معرفی می‌کند، هم پرتوی تازه را بر جغرافیای [d] زاگرسی می‌اندازد. پژوهش حاضر، توصیفی است از [d] زاگرسی در هورامی پاوه، که به‌ شکل یک ناسوده لثوی نرم‌کامی‌شده مشاهده می‌شود. استدلال‌های ارائه‌شده که در چهارچوب واج‌شناسی زایشی معیار و براساس پیکره‌ای برگرفته از گفتار گویش‌وران این گونه از هورامی تدوین شده‌اند، نشان می‌دهند که این آوا با انفجاری‌های لثویِ بی‌واکِ دمیده و واک‌دار تناوب دارد و در هر یک بازنمایی آوایی‌ای است که با دخالت قاعده‌‌ای واجی ناظر بر نرم‌شدگی تولید می‌گردد.

The Approximantization of Alveolar Plosives in Hawrami (Paveh Variety)

A significant part of the Iranian dialectology literature consists of older researches which are still referred to and utilized; such as Oranski (1960), Mackenzie (1966), Blau (1989a 1989b). Nonetheless, their achievements need to be reexamined through detailed documentations, within modern theoretical frameworks and methodologies as well. The older studies on Hawrami by western linguists should also be placed in this collection. The speculations about the status of Hawrami within the Iranian languages family have always been needed to be scrutinized and accredited. There is adequate evidence that reveals historical relationship between Hawrami and different Iranian Languages, which in turn furnishes us with new speculations on the status of Hawrami within the Iranian languages. For instance, we can refer to similar behavior of Hawrami and Baluchi in retaining the historical ldquo;labialized voiceless uvular fricative rdquo; [Xw] in the form of a ldquo;labiovelar approximant rdquo; [w]; compare: [wQS] lsquo;good rsquo; and [w »́n+i] lsquo;blood rsquo; in Hawrami with [wQS] or [wQSS+ín] lsquo;sweet rsquo; and [w »n] lsquo;blood rsquo; in Baluchi.Another observation discussed in the present article refers to the geographical area of Zagros, and the similar behavior of Hawrami and some south western varieties of Iranian languages. In the mentioned southwestern varieties, underlying alveolar plosives /d/ and /t/ in certain contexts appear as different variants of a voiced dental fricative [D]. This segment has been called lsquo;Zagros [d] rsquo; and shown by [d] symbol (Windfhur Arbor, 1989: 251262). It is the same segment referred to as lsquo;Zal/Dal Muˊjam rsquo; in older Persian texts (see Natel Khanlari, 1988:5052). In the present article, compelling evidence is presented to extend the domain of Zagros [d] in order to include Hawrami as well. But, it should be noted that Zagros [d] or lsquo;Zal/Dal Muˊjam rsquo; in Hawrami has some differences with the southwestern variants that are explained in detail.In order to maintain validity and reliability, the research is limited to the city of Paveh, which is the largest speech community of Hawrami speakers. The present research, in a descriptiveanalytic way, utilizes the theory and methodology of the lsquo;Rule based Generative phonology rsquo; to explain the regularities under discussion (see Kenstowicz, 1994 and McCarthy, 2007). The problem first discussed in Naghshbandi (1997); nevertheless, its description is not precise and complete. For this reason, in the present article, a new phonetic description of Zagros [d] in Hawrami, its underlying representations, the phonetic context, and an updated analysis and explanation of this phonetic segment are presented. Hence, the following questions are answered here: a) what is the relationship between Hawrami and other varieties of Iranian Languages and what is the status of Hawrami in this regard? b) What is the status of lsquo;velarized alveolar approximant rsquo; [ uml; igrave;] within the sound system of Hawrami?One of the exclusivities of Hawrami sound system is retaining Zagros [d], manifested as lsquo;velarized alveolar approximant rsquo; [ uml; igrave;]. This segment has some relation with /d/ and /t/ in this language variety. This finding can be as evidence for the close relationship of Hawrami with some southwestern varieties; a relationship has not already been paid attention. The relation of lsquo;velarized alveolar approximant rsquo; [ uml; igrave;] with [d] and [t], within the sound system of Hawrami is also explained based on lsquo;Rule based Generative phonology rsquo;. By investigating the corpus, we can find that [ uml; igrave;] alternates with [d] and [t].[ uml; igrave;] and [d] appear in the following contexts:For example in words: [dwÁrd+i] 'scissors', [/a uml; igrave;Á] lsquo;mother rsquo;, and [nawí uml; igrave;] lsquo;Navid (proper noun) rsquo; [ uml; igrave;] and [t] appear in the following contexts:For example in words: [go ugrave;St] lsquo;meat rsquo;, [tHutHá] rsquo;dog rsquo;, [phatl igrave;á] lsquo;wheat meal rsquo;, [gó ugrave;S+ » uml; igrave;] lsquo;your ear rsquo;, and [di+ uml; igrave;] lsquo;you saw him rsquo;.Based on lsquo;corpus internal and external evidence rsquo;; and the criteria of lsquo;frequency of occurrence rsquo;, lsquo;phonetic plausibility rsquo;, lsquo;phonological naturalness rsquo;, and lsquo;universal tendencies rsquo; /d/ and /t/ are conclusively underlying the different realization of [ uml; igrave;].In conclusion, [ uml; igrave;] in Hawrami is considered as a contextual variant of /d/ and /t/, and it is a remnant of Zagros [d] or lsquo;Zal/Dal Muˊjam rsquo;. This finding proposes new aspects in the relationship between Hawrami and other Iranian languages. It also challenges the claims on the relationship between Hawrami and Caspian border languages or Central varieties.