توسیع معنایی در زبان فارسی؛ مطالعه موردی افعال

توسیع معنایی، از جمله فرایندهای مهم تغییر معنی به شمار می آید که از دیرباز از سوی متخصصان و به ویژه معنی شناسان تاریخی فقه اللغوی مطالعه می شد. در جریان این فرایند که در گذر زمان رخ می دهد، واژه ای بر حسب مشابهت مفهومش با مفهومی جدید و بر اساس اصل صرفه زبانی، برای اشاره به واحد جدیدی در زبان به کار می رود. به این ترتیب، افزون بر مفهوم اولیه اش در مفهوم تازه ای نیز کاربرد می یابد. همین عامل »مشابهت « سبب شده است تا در بسیاری از موارد، توسیع معنایی با استعاره اشتباه گرفته شود و مجموعه ای از واژه هایی که دارای توسیع معنایی هستند، استعاره محسوب شوند. در نوشته حاضر، نگارنده ضمن معرفی توسیع معنایی، به بررسی تمایز این فرایند با استعاره می پردازد و به ویژه با تاکید بر افعال زبان فارسی می کوشد نشان دهد که بسیاری از ساخت هایی که استعاره در نظر گرفته می شوند، در واقع، توسیع معنایی یافته اند و در اثر این فرایند، دارای چند معنایی شده اند.

Semantic Broadening in Persian: A Case Study of Verbs

Semantic broadening is one of the important processes of semantic change that has long been studied by experts and especially by historicalphilological semanticists. In this process, which occurs over time, the meaning of a word broadens from time period A to time period B and thus, in addition to its previous meaning, the word includes a new concept. Semantic broadening over time leads to a multitude of meanings. A word is used to refer to a new unit of language in terms of its similarity to a new concept, and based on the Prototype theory. As such, in addition to its original meaning, it is also applied in a new sense. This similarity has, in many cases, led to confusion between semantic broadening and metaphor, and a group of words that has undergone semantic broadening is considered as metaphors. The present research, in addition to explaining semantic broadening, examines the difference of this process with metaphor, and, in particular, by emphasizing Persian verbs, tries to show that many of the constructs considered as metaphor, are, in fact, instances of semantic broadening that, as a result of this process, have gained multiple meanings. Relying on examples, in particular, examples of Persian verbs, this paper attempted to emphasize the distinction between semantic broadening and metaphor, and to show that, by tradition, in our metaphor, one tends to separate the tenor from the simile and apply it on other contexts. However, in the case of semantic broadening, the tenor is by no means used in different contexts. Words are semantically broadened over time and their semantic scope expands, which is a process quite different from metaphor. As such, the results of this study indicate the subtle distinction that exists between semantic broadening and the process of metaphor, which is often neglected. In metaphor, the tenor is derived from the simile, and is used in other sentences instead of the vehicle ; in a way that the tenor adopts the semantic behavior of the ldquo;vehicle rdquo;. However, in semantic broadening, an independent process occurs, and what emerges as the process of semantic broadening is the semantic expansion of other units of the simile.