بررسی تاریخچه‌ی آموزش زبان فرانسه در شهر مشهد: دوره‌ی قاجار و پهلوی اول

مشهد در دوره‌ی قاجار شاهد حضور مسافران و مهاجران غیر فارسی ‌زبان بود. از این‌رو، آموزش زبان‌های فرانسه، روسی و انگلیسی متناسب با نیازهای ساکنان این شهر ارائه می‌شد. زبان فرانسه پس از زبان روسی، از اواخر دوره‌ی قاجار در مشهد رایج شد و سپس جای خود را به زبان انگلیسی داد. زبان فرانسه حدود نیم قرن مهم‌ترین زبان خارجی رایج در مشهد بود و هدف این مقاله بررسی عوامل موثر بر رواج آموزش این زبان و سیر تغییرات شیوه‌ی آموزش آن در مشهد است. با توجه به مولفه‌های متعدد دخیل در آموزش و اشاعه‌ی زبان فرانسه در مشهد، پژوهش حاضر به واکاوی این پرسش می‌پردازد که چه مولفه‌هایی بر آموزش زبان فرانسه در مشهد موثر بوده‌اند؟ و چگونه زبان فرانسه به مهم‌ترین زبان خارجی مشهد در دوره‌ی قاجار و پهلوی تبدیل شد؟ در این مقاله، با اتکا به روش کتابخانه‌ای، طیف متنوعی از منابع اولیه، شامل روزنامه‌های محلی مشهد در دوره‌‌ی قاجار و پهلوی مورد کاوش قرار گرفتند. متعاقباً، اسناد منتشر نشده و پرونده­های تدریس معلمان فرانسوی و ایرانی جمع‌آوری و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد آموزش زبان فرانسه در مشهد ابتدا به صورت خصوصی و در میان اعیان رواج داشت. استخدام مستخدمان خارجی فرانسوی‌زبان، مانند بلژیکی‌ها، به گسترش این زبان کمک کرد. گسترش روابط فرهنگی ایران و فرانسه و توجه به این زبان در ساختار آموزشی، زبان فرانسه را به مهم‌ترین زبان خارجی در مدارس تبدیل کرد. در این میان، کلاس‌های خصوصی و آموزشگاه‌های زبان نیز نقش مهمی در آموزش این زبان ایفا کردند.

history of french language education in mashhad: a study of the qajar and early pahlavi periods

learning a second language opens a window to new cultures and ideas and has long attracted scholars’ attention in education and second language learning disciplines. despite the importance of learning a second language, research on the history and evolution of its teaching and learning has largely been limited to european countries. the history of teaching the french language in iran, particularly in the city of mashhad, has been overlooked by researchers in the fields of language education and history. the teaching of french in iran dates back to the qajar era, yet studies have not addressed its status in mashhad. examining the historical evolution of language learning offers insight into past strategies and approaches, as language education has been carried out using various methods and techniques. this study, with a focus on the teaching and instruction of french in mashhad, employs historical research methods and utilizes various sources, including written documents and press, to answer the following questions:what factors have influenced the teaching and spread of french in mashhad?since when and how had french been taught in mashhad?who played a role in making french the dominant foreign language in this city?who were the most prominent french language teachers in mashhad, and what was their contribution to this process?methodology this research is conducted using qualitative documentary and historical methods. the study delves into the topics through an in-depth examination of primary and secondary sources. the primary sources of this research include reports from mashhad newspapers such as bahar, nowbahar, tazehbahar, shahamat, azadi, aftab shargh, fekr azad, habl al-matin khorasan, and hirmand. additionally, unpublished documents from the astan quds razavi archive center were utilized. results and discussion the spread of the french language in mashhad began during the reign of naser al-din shah, when local rulers employed french teachers to educate their children. notably, messieurs ducroix and cesari were hired for this purpose. although the impact of this teaching approach was limited to a small number of individuals, it nonetheless paved the way for a broader familiarity with the french language. by the late qajar period, french was being taught in schools. from the mid-qajar era, french played an active role in iran’s cultural landscape, and french gained significant importance in the country’s educational system. the establishment of the dar ul-funun, the sending of students to france, the iranian elite’s interest in french, and government policies all contributed to french maintaining its status in iran until the end of the first pahlavi period. the presence of french and belgian advisors was a key factor in the spread of the language. belgian involvement, particularly by monsieur lelo, played a crucial role in the expansion of french in mashhad.as a key language in commercial, administrative, and financial fields, french saw a significant increase in public and private education in mashhad. one of the earliest initiatives was the french language classes for adults conducted by michel petros. alongside foreign teachers, some iranians also began offering private instruction. sheikh ali akbar khorasani established the free public education class, and alireza amoozgar organized adult classes for foreign languages. during the pahlavi era, even women had access to adult education classes, with talat al-molouk daftari’s class being one example. these classes emphasized speaking, writing, and translation skills. following the arrival of russian immigrants in mashhad after the bolshevik revolution in 1917, individuals like mrs. antipov and e. ovnovitch began offering private french language classes. this trend was continued by some educated iranians, with institutions like golshan, led by nasrollah yaghoubzadeh, and the khorasan guide advertising institute, managed by mohammadreza khorasani, teaching french.