the role of hormones in the onset and progression of endocrine and gynaecological cancers

The disease progression and pathogenesis of endocrine and gynaecological cancers rely heavily on hormonal mechanisms that control cell growth while determining differentiation and metabolic functions. scientific research has proven extensive studies of hormonal signalling in cancer development by describing the effects of estrogen and progesterone hormones alongside androgens and other endocrine substances on cellular growth and genome instability. endocrine cancers including thyroid and adrenal cancers, show uncontrolled cell development because feedback regulators and gene mutations cause dysregulation. the hormonal imbalances resulting from early menarche alongside late menopause and hormonal replacement therapy emerge as primary drivers of tumorigenesis in gynaecological cancers including ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and uterine cancer. new findings demonstrate that signals transmitted via hormones impact cancer cell metastasis while influencing treatment response inside cancer cell habitats. new therapies using anti-oestrogen medication and androgen-deprivation treatments show strong potential to combat cancer effectively. regarding hormone-driven carcinogenesis, we face limitations in our understanding of molecular mechanisms and our ability to optimize hormone-based therapeutic approaches. this review investigates the complex contributions of hormones to both endocrine and gynaecological cancers while presenting their clinical value for developing future innovative therapeutic approaches. however, current hormone-based therapies present limitations such as resistance and non-specific targeting. future research should focus on novel biomarkers and personalized treatment approaches.