synergized toxicity of thymol and synthetic insecticides against 𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎 (je smith) under laboratory and field conditions

Excessive use of synthetic insecticide applications has resulted in faw resistance, and the exploration of eos has increased against many spodoptera species. chemical composition of t. vulgaris eo revealed that the main constituent was thymol (57.44%), and its combination with five insecticides under laboratory and field conditions. combination of thymol with insecticides showed a synergistic effect. all binary mixtures caused mortality higher than the insecticides applied alone, whose mortality differ in different times. it was obtained over >95% larval mortality when thymol was combined with emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, and chlorantraniliprole, in 27 h after application, and over 51% of mortality when thymol was combined with chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, in 72 h after application. the plants sprayed by mixtures exhibited a significant increase in the mortality rate and maize yield compared to the to the insecticide-sprayed plants. these mixtures adversely affect the growth of faw, ultimately aiming to keep populations below levels that cause economic damage. the plants sprayed by mixtures exhibited a significant increase in the mortality rate and maize yield compared to the to the insecticide-sprayed plants. these mixtures adversely affect the growth of faw, ultimately aiming to keep populations below levels that cause economic damage.