the role of environmental carcinogens in cancer epidemiology: a public health review of exposure risks in developing countries

Cancer remains a growing public health challenge in developing countries, where exposure to environmental carcinogens significantly contributes to cancer incidence and mortality. the burden is exacerbated by weak regulatory oversight, rapid urbanization, poor waste management, and limited public awareness. this review aims to critically assess the pathways of environmental carcinogen exposure in developing countries and their effect on cancer epidemiology and public health systems. a comprehensive review of published literature and international agency reports was conducted, focusing on studies related to environmental carcinogens, exposure risks, and cancer patterns in low- and middle-income countries. populations in developing countries are routinely exposed to harmful substances such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and asbestos, particularly in low-income and marginalized communities. these exposures are linked to increased cancer incidence, including lung, liver, bladder, and skin cancers. systemic barriers such as inadequate monitoring infrastructure and underfunded public health programs limit effective response and prevention. there is an urgent need for integrated policies that address environmental carcinogens through stronger regulation, community-based surveillance, and tailored cancer prevention strategies. tackling environmental exposures is essential for reducing the future cancer burden and promoting health equity in developing countries.