cardiovascular effects of commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: a comprehensive review

Hypertension is a prevalent and problematic illness among older adults, significantly contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. the aging process alters physiological mechanisms, affecting drug absorption, metabolism, and response; necessitating careful consideration when prescribing antihypertensive therapies. this study evaluates the cardiovascular effects of commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications in elderly individuals, focusing on their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and potential adverse events. we analyze the influence of diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide), beta-blockers (e.g., atenolol), calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine), ace inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril), arbs (e.g., losartan), and other antihypertensive medications on the cardiovascular system, highlighting their effects on blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and organ function. special attention is given to the challenges of polypharmacy, pharmacological interactions, and the management of physiological changes associated with aging, such as renal impairment, electrolyte imbalances, and frailty. additionally, emerging trends such as fixed-dose combinations, telemedicine, and pharmacogenomics are discussed as innovative approaches to improving treatment adherence and personalizing care. the review underscores the importance of individualized treatment plans and regular monitoring to optimize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing risks in this vulnerable population. future research directions are outlined to further enhance the clinical management of hypertension in elderly patients, including precision medicine, including pharmacogenomics, wearable technology for continuous bp monitoring, and artificial intelligence–driven decision support tools.