temperature-dependent variation in toxicity of insecticides on fall armyworm (𝑆𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝐹𝑟𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎, j. e. smith) larvae

Although the use of insecticides as a preventive measure is common worldwide for the management of fall armyworm (faw), spodoptera frugiperda j. e. smith (lepidoptera: noctuidae), success of the measure could be compromised by the prevailing environmental temperature since it significantly affects toxicity of insecticides and thus their efficacy. to determine the temperature-toxicity relationship in faw, the effect of post-bioassays temperature (range, 15-35 °c) on the toxicity of eight insecticides from different classes was evaluated using a feeding bioassay method. from 20–35 °c, the toxicities of emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and chlorantraniliprole increased 1.24, 1.31, 2.25, 2.29, and 3.46-fold (i.e. positive temperature coefficient), respectively, whereas the toxicities of methomyl, spinosad, and cypermethrin decreased 2.24, 3.17, and 3.95-fold (i.e. negative temperature coefficient), respectively.