a concise review on applications of nickel oxide nanoparticles and their extraction parts

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles (nps) is a promising area of nanotechnology, combining both biological and chemical principles to create nps with targeted properties. this method leverages the ability of biological systems such as microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and algae) or plant extracts rich in phytochemicals to act as reducing and stabilizing agents in nanoparticle production. an additional advantage is that plant secondary metabolites, which act as synthetic agents in the process, also serve as capping agents, stabilizing the formed nps. moreover, nps synthesized through green chemistry have little to no cytotoxicity compared to chemically synthesized nps. this reduced toxicity makes them highly suitable for biomedical applications, particularly as efficient carriers for drug delivery in vivo. the biocompatibility of these nps enhances their potential in medical treatments, including targeted therapies and drug delivery systems, offering safer alternatives for healthcare innovations. in this review, we examine the advancements in the green synthesis of nickel (ni) and nickel oxide (nio) nanoparticles (nps) and analyze how various reaction parameters influence the structural properties of the synthesized ni and nio nps. by contrasting the structural properties and biological impacts of ni and nio nps produced via both methods, the review will provide valuable insights into the suitability of each approach for specific applications, such as in biomedical, environmental, and catalytic fields.